The invention discloses a device and a method for transmission-scattering imaging of a nanometer liquid sample in a scanning electron microscope, belongs to the technical field of electronic micro-analysis devices, and particularly relates to the technical field of reflection and transmission-scattering imaging of the nanometer liquid sample in the scanning electron microscope (SEM). The device and the method are characterized in that a transmission-scattering electronic detector (TSD) is mounted in a sample chamber of the SEM and 5-10 mm under a thin window of the nanometer liquid sample; under the condition that the incident electron energy is 15-30 keV, a transmission-scattering electron image with a resolution ratio of several nanometers, an amplification factor of 50-100000 times and high image contrast can be formed for several to 500 nanometers of nano-particles in a sealed liquid; the TSD is suitable for being mounted in various SEMs, and can be cooperatively used with a secondary electron detector (ETD), an energy disperse spectroscopy (EDS) and a cathode fluorescence spectrometer (CL) for observation of such nanometer-like materials as metal, semiconductors, inorganic matters, organic matters, composites and biological matters.