The invention discloses an adaptive optical scanning laser fundus imaging system and imaging method based on automatic positioning and focusing of pupils. The imaging system comprises an imaging lightsource component, an aberration detection component, an imaging detection component, a scanning light path component, a compensating mirror component, a pupil imaging component, a pupil focusing component, a pupil positioning component, a jaw support moving component, a control component and a computer, and the components are connected together through telescopes or light ray couplers. The imaging system is ingenious and unique in design, the head of a shot person leans on a jaw support, pupils are automatically positioned and focused by the aid of a combined mode of crude adjustment of the jaw support and fine adjustment of the imaging component according to existing positions of the pupils, and fundus images can be rapidly shot. According to the system, automatic fundus high-resolutionimaging can be achieved, the system has the advantages that the system is simple to operate, the pupil are positioned and focused in real time, operating consumption time is short and the like, operation of detectors is facilitated, and the system is suitable for large-scale popularization and application.