The invention relates to a novel cellulose-based antibacterial material, which is mainly produced via the steps of: controlling reaction temperature, time, pH value and oxidization ratio of dialdehydecellulose in order to perform a reaction to the dialdehyde cellulose and lysine, and when the reaction is finished, performing centrifugal separation and drying and grinding the product. The antibacterial material has excellent antibacterial activity, and can reach 30 mg / ml in minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against Gram negative bacteria, such as Escherichia coli, and 7.5 mg / ml in MIC against Gram positive bacteria, such as staphylococcus aureus, with penicillin as a positive control and an LB liquid culture medium as a negative control; under special conditions, the antibacterial material can completely growth of bacteria. The antibacterial material has simple process and is free of toxic and side effect. The raw material, cellulose, has abundant sources and is environment friendly. The invention supplies a new idea for researching and developing novel antibacterial materials.