The present invention generally relates to nanobioelectronics and, in some cases, to circuits comprising nanoelectronic elements, such as nanotubes and / or nanowires, and biological components, such as neurons. In one aspect, cells, such as neurons, are positioned in electrical communication with one or more nanoscale wires. The nanoscale wires may be used to stimulate the cells, and / or determine an electrical condition of the cells. More than one nanoscale wire may be positioned in electrical communication with the
cell, for example, in distinct regions of the
cell. However, the nanoscale wires may be positioned such that they are relatively close together, for example, spaced apart by no more than about 200 nm. The nanoscale wires may be disposed on a substrate, for example, between electrodes, and the cells may be adhered to the substrate, for example, using
cell adhesion factors such as
polylysine. Also provided in other aspects of the invention are methods for making and using such devices, kits for using the same, and the like.