33results about How to "No insulation required" patented technology

The invention discloses a constant-pressure multiple-effect evaporation condensation sea water desalination device with an air medium, which mainly comprises a low-and-medium temperature heat source (13), a first-stage heating evaporator (14), an evaporation condenser (4) and a last-stage condenser (8). The first-stage heating evaporator (14), the evaporation condenser (4) and the last-stage condenser (8) are installed in sequence closely, and the low-and-medium heat source (13) and the first-stage heating evaporator (14) are connected together. The first-stage heating evaporator (14), the evaporation condenser (4) and the last-stage condenser are all formed by combining a plurality of heat exchange plates which are arranged from left to right in sequence, and a gap is reserved between every two adjacent heat exchanging plates to form a flow channel for heat exchange fluid. By adopting the plate-type heat exchange principle, the sea water desalination device realizes multiple-effect air humidification and dehumidification evaporation and condensation for sea water desalination under constant pressure. Heat and moisture transfer is performed between sprayed sea water and overflowing air, and the condensation latent heat of fore effect heat and moisture air can be absorbed at the same time, and therefore, energy recovery is realized and the fore effect heat and moisture air can be condensed to obtain fresh water.

There is provided a DC-DC converter capable of increasing the conversion efficiency by suppressing the switching loss by using a simple structure. An LC resonance circuit (3) is inserted to the secondary side of a transformer (1). When switching means (2) is driven ON / OFF by drive means (4), an output is obtained at the secondary side via the transformer (1). Resonance current frequency detection means includes a current-detecting current transformer (5) and a frequency detector (6) and detects a frequency of resonance current by operation of the LC resonance circuit (3). This frequency is fed back to the drive means (4). As a result, the drive means (4) drives ON / OFF the switching means (2) with a frequency matched with the resonance frequency of the LC resonance circuit (3).

The invention relates to a gear laser repair process which comprises the following steps: A. treating the surface of a gear, and performing failure analysis on the gear; B, integrally preheating the gear at 80-120 DEG C, and locally preheating the to-be-repaired part of the gear at 180-220 DEG C at the same time; C, optimizing process parameters according to the failure analysis result of gear, performing layer-by-layer laser cladding, wherein the thickness of each cladding layer is less than or equal to 0.4 mm, the edge of the next cladding layer is extended outwards from the edge of the previous cladding layer by 4-6mm, and the used alloy powder comprises the following components in percentage by weight: no more than 0.5% of C, 38-52% of Cr, 1.5-2.5% of B, 0.5-1.5% of Si and the balance of Fe; and D, detecting. According to the gear laser repair process, the surface of the gear is subjected to laser cladding, so that the size meets the use requirements, and the hardness and wear resistance of the repaired gear exceed the original properties.

The invention relates to a wide-range transient current sensor based on tunneling magnetic resistance, and belongs to the field of sensing measurement. The current sensor comprises an open magnet ring, a magnetic sensing chip of tunneling magnetic resistance, a signal conditioning circuit, a analog-to-digital converter, a data processing device and a closed coil, wherein the open magnet ring, the closed coil wound around the open magnet ring, the magnetic sensing chip of tunneling magnetic resistance in an opening of the open magnet ring and the signal conditioning circuit connected with the magnetic sensing chip of tunneling magnetic resistance form a current probe, and the signal conditioning circuit, the analog-to-digital converter and the data processing device are connected electrically successively. The thickness of the closed coil and the turn number of the wound coil, as parameters of the closed coil, are obtained by measurement and calculation, and enable that the possible maximal magnetic induction intensity, in an air gap of the open magnet ring, does not exceed the saturated magnetic induction intensity of the tunneling magnetic resistance chip. According to the invention, the range of the tunneling magnetic resistance sensor is broadened, requirement for current measurement of a power system is met, the sensitivity is high, damage tends not to occur, the cost is low and installation and maintenance are convenient.

The invention discloses a cold-mixing and cold-paving asphalt mixture. The cold-mixing and cold-paving asphalt mixture comprises the following components in parts by weight: 70-74 parts of stone material with the grain size of 5-10 mm, 18-21 parts of stone material with the grain size of 2.3-5 mm, 0.5-3 parts of quartz sand with the grain size of 0.1-2.3 mm, 0.5-1 parts of mineral powder with the grain size less than 0.075 mm, 4.5-6 parts of asphalt and 0.4-0.9 parts of additive. The preparation method comprises the following steps: (1) mixing the weighed stone materials, the quartz sands and the mineral powder and drying till the water content is less than 15% to obtain the aggregate for use; (2) heating the weighed asphalt to 130-150 DEG C; (3) mixing the weighed additive and the asphalt and stirring uniformly; (4) mixing the asphalt mixed with the additive and the aggregate obtained from step (1), and stirring uniformly to obtain the cold-mixing and cold-paving asphalt mixture. The cold-mixing and cold-paving asphalt mixture has the advantages of low cost, simple preparation process and no pollution, and has a wide application advantage.

The present invention provides a DC-DC converter capable of eliminating the drop in conversion efficiency that may be caused by the saturation of the voltage conversion transformer, realizing miniaturization of the voltage conversion transformer, and suppressing switching loss to improve conversion efficiency. An LC resonant circuit (3) is inserted on the secondary side of the transformer (1). When a pair of switch units (2-1, 2-2) are alternately turned on / off using a drive unit (4), an output is obtained on a secondary side through a transformer (1). The current detecting current transformer (5), current value determining unit (6) and current value comparing unit (7) detect the difference between half periods of the resonance current value generated by the operation of the LC resonance circuit (3). Based on the detection result, the drive unit (4) automatically adjusts the on-duty ratios of the switch units (2-1, 2-2) so that the resonance current values ​​in each half cycle are consistent.

The invention relates to a solar photoelectric photo-thermal building integrated composite plate which comprises a shell 4, a support frame 3, a heat absorber 2, a connection pipe 13, a vacuum glass plate 1, a thermal insulation plate 5, a thermal insulation side plate 11, a color steel bottom plate 6, sealing plates 12 and the like. The composite plate provided by the invention can be used as a generation heating unit, butt-joint tongue-and-grooves are arranged on the left and right sides, and the sealing plates are arranged at the upper and lower ends; the components are in lap joint with each other to form a whole roof panel or wall facade, and the roof panel and wall decoration can be completely replaced; thermal insulation and waterproof effects can be realized on the roof, and thermal insulation and decoration effects can be realized for the wall facade; particularly, hot water is generated by absorbing the heat of a power generation plate at the time of power generation; and moreover, a lighting window, a ventilating window and the like also can be designed on the roof panel or wall facade. Through the invention, clean energy for solar power generation, lighting, central water heating and central air conditioning can be provided for the building to achieve low-carbon or even micro-carbon life.

The invention provides a turbine self-priming movable multifunctional flood fighting, irrigation and drainage pump truck set which integrates control, power, turbine vacuum drainage and an elevation draining pump and dispenses with water injection and drainage. The turbine self-priming movable multifunctional flood fighting, irrigation and drainage pump truck set comprises a power machine, a turbine vacuum machine, the elevation draining pump and an automatic control cabinet which are integrated and arranged on a same vehicle chassis. The turbine self-priming movable multifunctional flood fighting, irrigation and drainage pump truck set adopts a vacuum drainage device, and can be started without water injection; the turbine vacuum drainage device is high in displacement and can instantly discharge gas absorbed into a suction tube and introduce low-order water into the pump; the pump device has a vacuumizing halt function, is free from blockage, dispenses with heat preservation in winter, can be automatically controlled, is rapidly in water discharge, and has flexible moving capability and adaptability to various special environments, for example, a vehicle-mounted diesel generating set can further provide certain electrical energy to the outside for power or illumination, so that the pump truck set has more obvious advantages.

The invention discloses a process for preparing Mo2FeB2-based metal ceramic. The process comprises the following steps: firstly selecting high-purity Fe2B powder and Mo powder as raw materials, controlling weight ratio at (0.25-0.5):(0.75-0.5), adding a small amount of absolute ethyl alcohol as a process control agent, weighing, and then carrying out vacuum ball milling for 5-25 hours; then filling mixed powder into a metal mould for compression moulding forming; and finally placing a compression moulding forming blank into a graphite mould, carrying out pressureless sintering in a vacuum sintering furnace at the sintering temperature of 1250-1350 without carrying out heat insulation treatment, and after the sintering is finished, cooling with the vacuum sintering furnace together. The process disclosed by the invention is simple in process. The Mo2FeB2-based metal ceramic prepared through the process disclosed by the invention has the advantages of higher relative density and good main mechanical property index, not only is suitable for an occasion in the filed of abrasion resistance, but also is used for the field of corrosion resistance.

The invention discloses a preparation method of a rice husk heat-insulating porous building block. The preparation method comprises the following steps: a, preparing the following raw materials in parts by weight: 1,000 parts of cement, 264 parts of modified rice husks, 4.4 parts of staple glass fiber, 30 parts of glue, 4 parts of hydrophobic aid and 514 parts of water; b, diluting the glue with water for later use, wherein the mass ratio of the glue to the water is 1:1; c, diluting the hydrophobic aid with water for later use, wherein the mass ratio of the hydrophobic aid to the water is 1:10; d, adding the residual water, the modified rice husks and the staple glass fiber into mixing equipment, and stirring and mixing; e, adding the cement into the mixing equipment and stirring; f, adding the glue which is diluted with water in the step b into the mixing equipment and stirring; g, adding the hydrophobic aid which is diluted with water in the step c into the mixing equipment and stirring; h, adding the mixture into a mold and forming; and i, after mold stripping, performing hydration reaction under the steam environment. The rice husk heat-insulating porous building block provided by the invention is light in weight and small in heat conductivity coefficient and the invention also provides the preparation method of the rice husk heat-insulating porous building block.

The invention provides a preparation method of an advanced metal matrix composite for a brake disk and belongs to the field of metal matrix composites and powder metallurgy. The preparation method ofthe advanced metal matrix composite for the brake disk comprises the specific steps of making preparation for a preparation raw material and conducting sorting and storing; conducting picking on the prepared raw material, conducting purity detection and then conducting mixing operation; taking out mixed powder to conduct pelletizing to form powder particles; conducting spray deposition through a 3D printing and spray deposition device; and placing a depositing formed blank into a vacuum heat treatment furnace to be subjected to heat treatment and conducting cooling and storage on the treated blank. The preparation method has the advantages that the process is simple; insulation treatment is not needed, and the production efficiency is high; titanium carbide phases are pre-synthesized through mechanical alloying before heat treatment, part of liquid phases are produced from a material system at 1000 DEG C-1400 DEG C during spray deposition and heat treatment, and the TiC particle layered enhanced aluminum matrix composite reacts completely step by step.

The invention discloses an intelligent laser edge banding machine which comprises an edge banding machine body, an intelligent industrial control screen, a pre-milling mechanism, a laser edge banding mechanism and a six-wheel fixed belt pressing and pasting mechanism are installed on the edge banding machine body from right to left, and the pre-milling mechanism, the laser edge banding mechanism and the six-wheel fixed belt pressing and pasting mechanism are electrically connected with the intelligent industrial control screen. According to the intelligent laser edge bonding machine, high-energy laser generated by the laser edge bonding mechanism is used for carrying out glue melting on the laser edge bonding belt with a functional sol layer, a glue coating mechanism is omitted, hot melt glue does not need to be used, and the functional sol layer on the laser edge bonding belt is rapidly melted before the laser edge bonding belt makes contact with a workpiece; the laser edge sealing belt is pressed on the workpiece through the six-wheel fixed belt pressing and pasting mechanism, so that the laser edge sealing belt can be used immediately after being started, waiting is not needed, and heat preservation is not needed. And meanwhile, glue melting is conducted through the laser edge sealing mechanism, cleanliness, neatness, environmental protection and no peculiar smell are achieved, one-time edge sealing is completed, other additional protection is not needed, the reject ratio of products is reduced, production precision is guaranteed, the thickness of workpieces is ignored, high-speed edge sealing can be dealt with, production efficiency is improved, and production cost is reduced.

The invention discloses a steam heater assembly comprising a stainless steel cylinder. At least one heater is arranged in the stainless steel cylinder. Each heater is arranged in a spiral pipe manner.The cylinder body is provided with a demineralized water inlet and a demineralized water outlet. Each heater is provided with a steam inlet and a steam outlet. The steam heater assembly is high in heat exchange efficiency and small in boundary dimension, water pressure detection is convenient, and it is ensured that leakage is avoided in use.

A high-capacity unit cell comprises a plurality of small-capacity cylindrical unit cells, the like poles of the plurality of small-capacity cylindrical unit cells are combined in parallel through metal connecting pieces to form the high-capacity unit cell, two ends of each of the positive and negative electrodes are respectively fixed by a plastic jig, heat conduction sheets are arranged in the gaps of the high-capacity unit cell, two side surfaces of each of the heat conduction sheets respectively contact with the shell surfaces of the small-capacity cylindrical unit cells at two sides of the heat conduction sheets, and one end of each of the heat conduction sheets is exposed to the contour of the high-capacity unit cell. The high-capacity unit cell has the advantages of substantially decreased failure rate, increased reliability, substantially increased safety, and effectively prolonged service life.

The invention provides a method for preparing an advanced metal matrix composite material for brake discs, which belongs to the field of metal matrix composite materials and powder metallurgy. The specific steps of the preparation method for advanced metal matrix composite materials for brake discs are preparing raw materials, sorting , store, pick the prepared raw materials, take out the mixed powder to granulate, and make powder particles, use 3D printing co-spray deposition equipment for spray deposition, put the deposited green body into a vacuum heat treatment furnace for heat treatment and put The treated body is cooled and stored. The process of the invention is simple, no heat preservation treatment is required, and the production efficiency is low, because the titanium carbide phase is pre-synthesized by mechanical alloying before heat treatment, and in the process of spray deposition and heat treatment, at 1000 ° C to 1400 ° C, the material system produces part of the liquid phase , so that the TiC granular layered reinforced aluminum matrix composite has gradually reacted completely.

The invention relates to a composite thermal-insulation concrete slab all-air residential central air conditioner system and an installation method thereof. The air supply hole of a residential central air conditioner is connected with a main air supply pipe; the air return hole of the residential central air conditioner is connected with a main air return pipe; the main air supply pipe is communicated with an air supply branch pipe; the air supply branch pipe is communicated with an air supply opening; the main air return pipe is communicated with an air return branch pipe; the air return branch pipe is communicated with an air return opening; the air supply branch pipe and the air return branch pipe are respectively inserted into two reserved channels of a floor slab template; the air return opening and the air supply opening are respectively formed on the bottom of the floor slab template and are communicated with the reserved channels in the floor slab template; and the floor slabtemplate is formed by jointing convex polystyrene thermal-insulating foaming slats. The composite thermal-insulation concrete slab all-air residential central air conditioner system solves the technical problem such as large occupied area of pipes of prior air conditioner, and solves the problems such as high construction cost and long construction time of pipes of the prior air conditioner, and complex system structure and inconvenient construction of the prior pipes.

The invention belongs to the technical field of preparation of ceramic glazes, and in particular relates to a fast-firing polycrystalline multi-color crystalline glaze and its preparation method and application, in particular to a fast-firing polycrystalline multi-color crystalline glaze and a preparation method thereof, a The invention relates to a preparation method of a fast-firing polycrystalline multi-color crystalline glaze ceramic product, a fast-firing polycrystalline multi-color crystalline glaze ceramic product and a high-temperature firing method thereof. The crystalline glaze is prepared by calcining light calcium carbonate (calcium), calcining light magnesium carbonate (magnesium), calcining zinc oxide (zinc), calcining titanium oxide (titanium), kaolin (silicon), quartz (silicon), feldspar (potassium) , sodium) seven kinds of metal systems, make the glaze slurry in a supersaturated state, increase the crystallization speed of the crystalline glaze, expand the crystallization area, avoid the problems of easy flow glaze, smoking (the phenomenon of cloudy yellow and smoke), and make the crystalline glaze Under the premise of not affecting its performance, the temperature can be raised to the sintering temperature normally, and the temperature can be quickly lowered to normal temperature after the sintering, which shortens the preparation cycle and achieves the effect of energy saving and environmental protection.

The invention discloses a preparation method of a rice husk heat-insulating porous building block. The preparation method comprises the following steps: a, preparing the following raw materials in parts by weight: 1,000 parts of cement, 264 parts of modified rice husks, 4.4 parts of staple glass fiber, 30 parts of glue, 4 parts of hydrophobic aid and 514 parts of water; b, diluting the glue with water for later use, wherein the mass ratio of the glue to the water is 1:1; c, diluting the hydrophobic aid with water for later use, wherein the mass ratio of the hydrophobic aid to the water is 1:10; d, adding the residual water, the modified rice husks and the staple glass fiber into mixing equipment, and stirring and mixing; e, adding the cement into the mixing equipment and stirring; f, adding the glue which is diluted with water in the step b into the mixing equipment and stirring; g, adding the hydrophobic aid which is diluted with water in the step c into the mixing equipment and stirring; h, adding the mixture into a mold and forming; and i, after mold stripping, performing hydration reaction under the steam environment. The rice husk heat-insulating porous building block provided by the invention is light in weight and small in heat conductivity coefficient and the invention also provides the preparation method of the rice husk heat-insulating porous building block.

The invention provides an axially split pump which comprises a pump body, wherein the pump body comprises an impeller, a pump shell and a refluxing structure, wherein the pump shell comprises a suction passage, an accommodating space and an exhaust passage which are arranged in sequence; the impeller is arranged in the accommodating space; the suction passage is vertical to the axis of the axially split surface of the axially split pump and extends from the bottom surface of the pump shell along a direction away from the pump shell; the exhaust passage is arranged at a first side surface of the pump shell and extends from the first side surface along a direction away from the first side surface; the refluxing structure is used for communicating the bottom of the exhaust passage with the suction passage. The axially split pump is capable of better avoiding the static erosion problem of the pump shell and the impeller after termination of pumping; in addition, liquid in the accommodating space completely flows out after halt, so that the anti-freezing effect is relatively ideal.

A composite pouring light concrete structure comprises reinforced concrete uprights, reinforced concrete beams, foamed concrete wall bodies, steel mashes and pre-buried binding reinforcing ribs, wherein the reinforced concrete uprights comprise external wall framework main uprights and transition uprights; the foamed concrete wall bodies comprise external wall foamed concrete wall bodies and the same inner wall foamed concrete wall bodies; the external wall framework main uprights and the transition uprights have the same pre-buried binding reinforcing ribs, the upper portions of the external wall framework main uprights and the transition uprights have the same reserved reinforcing steels, and the external wall foamed concrete wall bodies and the same inner wall foamed concrete wall bodies have the same steel mashes. The composite pouring light concrete structure has the advantages that hidden beams and embedded columns are arranged, integrity is good, seismic capacity is enhanced, no external wall insulation is needed, section size of reinforced concrete beam columns and foundation is shortened, and thereby lightening whole weight of a building, increasing using area, saving building materials, lowering building cost by 30 percents, and applying to both south and north with different climate.

The invention discloses repair mortar for a concrete member and a preparation method thereof, which relate to the technical field of cement-based mortar. The repair mortar for the concrete member is mainly prepared from an additive and 1060 parts by weight of an internal admixture. The additive comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight based on the total weight of the repair mortar: 0.5-1.5 parts of a defoaming agent, 20-30 parts of an expanding agent, 25-35 parts of rubber powder and 8-12 parts of a water reducing agent; the internal admixture comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight based on the total weight of the internal admixture: 85-105 parts of water, 390-420 parts of cement, 20-35 parts of silica fume, 20-35 parts of an accelerator and 450-550 parts of graded sand. The repair mortar has the advantage of high bonding strength. The preparation method comprises the following steps of material mixing, sand mixing, mortar preparation and the like. The preparation method has the advantage that the bonding strength of the product can be improved.

The invention discloses an outdoor water dispenser and relates to the technical field of water dispensers. The outdoor water dispenser comprises a water dispenser main box, a water barrel is mounted at the top of the water dispenser main box, the side wall of the water dispenser main box is provided with a side groove, the bottom of the side groove is provided with a water cup placing groove, a water outlet is fixedly mounted at the top of the side groove, an internet payment QR code is fixedly arranged on the side wall of the water dispenser main box, two sets of connection plates are fixedlymounted on the side wall of the water dispenser main box, a rotary shaft is rotatably matched between the two sets of connection plates, two sets of photovoltaic board installation plates are fixedlymounted on the outer wall of the rotary shaft, a photovoltaic board is fixedly mounted between the two sets of first photovoltaic board installation plates, and rotating plates are fixedly mounted atthe two ends of the rotary shaft. The water dispenser can be placed outdoor, so that pedestrians can drink water at any time in the mode of mobile payment, not external power source is needed, and the water dispenser is not affected by rainwater, and has the good marketing prospect.

The invention relates to a wide-range transient current sensor based on tunneling magnetic resistance, and belongs to the field of sensing measurement. The current sensor comprises an open magnet ring, a magnetic sensing chip of tunneling magnetic resistance, a signal conditioning circuit, a analog-to-digital converter, a data processing device and a closed coil, wherein the open magnet ring, the closed coil wound around the open magnet ring, the magnetic sensing chip of tunneling magnetic resistance in an opening of the open magnet ring and the signal conditioning circuit connected with the magnetic sensing chip of tunneling magnetic resistance form a current probe, and the signal conditioning circuit, the analog-to-digital converter and the data processing device are connected electrically successively. The thickness of the closed coil and the turn number of the wound coil, as parameters of the closed coil, are obtained by measurement and calculation, and enable that the possible maximal magnetic induction intensity, in an air gap of the open magnet ring, does not exceed the saturated magnetic induction intensity of the tunneling magnetic resistance chip. According to the invention, the range of the tunneling magnetic resistance sensor is broadened, requirement for current measurement of a power system is met, the sensitivity is high, damage tends not to occur, the cost is low and installation and maintenance are convenient.

The invention relates to a laser cladding repair process for gear, which comprises the following steps: (A) treating the surface of the valve seat and performing failure analysis on the valve seat; (B) integrally preheating the gear at 80-120 DEG C and locally preheating the portion to be repaired of the gear at 80-220 DEG C at the same time; (C) optimizing technological parameter according to the failure analysis result of the gear, and performing laser cladding on the valve seat layer by layer, the thickness of each cladding layer is less than or equal to 0.4 mm, the edge of the later cladding layer extends out of the edge of the former cladding layer by 4 mm to 6 mm, the powdered alloy adopted is prepared from the following components in percentage by weight: less than or equal to 0.5% of carbon, 38-52% of chromium, 1.5-2.5% of boron, 0.5-1.5% of silicon and the balance of ferrum; and (D) performing detection. The surface of the gear is subjected to laser cladding through the laser repair process for gear, so that the size of the valve seat is recovered to operating requirement, and the hardness and abrasive resistance of the valve seat repaired exceed its original performance.

The invention provides a furniture type pipeline water dispenser facilitating water taking. The pipeline type water dispenser comprises a box body, a water inlet, a power interface, a storage box, a water pump, a water outlet, a spiral heating pipe and a control device. Water enters the spiral heating pipe from the water inlet, is heated to a set temperature in the spiral heating pipe according toa temperature set by a temperature control module, and is conveyed to the water outlet through the water pump to be discharged. The water inlet can be used for directly inputting water through a water pipe, and can also be used for inputting barreled water or water in other water storage equipment into the box body through the water pump. The temperature control module can achieve control over the required temperature. A switch control module can control on-off of a circuit. A water volume metering module can achieve control over the water outlet volume of the water outlet, so that a user canconveniently take water suitable for a container of the user.

The invention discloses a fine grain magnesium alloy pipe plastic processing method, and belongs to the field of magnesium alloy pipe manufacturing. A continuous local plastic forming process is adopted for laser local heating of magnesium alloy pipe blanks in the deformation process; and under coaction of the strain gradient and the temperature gradient, the dynamic recrystallization of magnesiumalloys is accelerated to realize the pipe grain refining, so that the mechanical performances of pipes are improved. The fine grain magnesium alloy pipe plastic processing method is excellent in process stability, simple in process equipment, short in process flow and low in production cost.

The invention provides an axially split pump which comprises a pump body, wherein the pump body comprises an impeller, a pump shell and a refluxing structure, wherein the pump shell comprises a suction passage, an accommodating space and an exhaust passage which are arranged in sequence; the impeller is arranged in the accommodating space; the suction passage is vertical to the axis of the axially split surface of the axially split pump and extends from the bottom surface of the pump shell along a direction away from the pump shell; the exhaust passage is arranged at a first side surface of the pump shell and extends from the first side surface along a direction away from the first side surface; the refluxing structure is used for communicating the bottom of the exhaust passage with the suction passage. The axially split pump is capable of better avoiding the static erosion problem of the pump shell and the impeller after termination of pumping; in addition, liquid in the accommodating space completely flows out after halt, so that the anti-freezing effect is relatively ideal.