1023results about How to "Improve flammability" patented technology

There is disclosed a resist composition that remarkably improves the resolution of photolithography using a high energy beam such as ArF excimer laser light as a light source, and exhibits excellent resistance to surface roughness and side lobe under use of a halftone phase shift mask; and a patterning process using the resist composition. The positive resist composition at least comprises (A) a resin component comprising a repeating unit represented by the following general formula (1); (B) a photoacid generator generating sulfonic acid represented by the following general formula (2) upon exposure to a high energy beam; and (C) an onium salt where a cation is sulfonium represented by the following general formula (3), or ammonium represented by the following general formula (4); and an anion is represented by any one of the following general formulae (5) to (7).

The present invention provides a method for controlling a compression ignition internal combustion engine, which can easily cope with a wide range of demand loads. The compression ignition internal combustion engine 1 has a first fuel 2 containing ethanol, and reforming means 5 for reforming the first fuel into a second fuel having higher ignitability than the first fuel, by converting at least one part of ethanol contained in the first fuel 2 to diethyl ether, and each amount of the first fuel and the second fuel to be supplied to the compression ignition internal combustion engine is varied, in accordance with the change of a load required to the compression ignition internal combustion engine 1. Thus, the proportion of the first fuel to the total fuels supplied to the internal combustion engine 1 is increased, with the increase of the demand load, while the proportion of the second fuel to the total fuels supplied to the internal combustion engine 1 is increased, with the decrease of the demand load. The first fuel 2 contains ethanol and a hydrocarbon which is liquid at room temperature.

A catalytic combustion improver of coal for increasing combustion efficiency and decreasing the exhaust of SO2, CO and NOx is composed of the primary raw materials chosen from 17 salts of organic acid, including acetate, oxalate, succinate, etc, the organic compound prepared by reaction between 17 organic acids and ore, metal, metallic oxide, or compound, chloride, etc, and the secondary raw materials chosen from high-caloricity agent, surface coating agent, solvent, assistant, emulsifying disperser, sulfur fixating agent and filler.

The present invention includes a high performance communications cable exhibiting reduced cross-talk between transmission media that includes one or more core support-separators having various shaped profiles which define a clearance to maintain a spacing between transmission media or transmission media pairs. The core may be formed of a conductive or insulative material to further reduce cross-talk. The central core region may include a hollow opening or duct for blown fiber (ABF). A method of producing this cable introduces a core support-separator as described above into a cable assembly. The specially shaped core support-separator can be either interior to the cable jacket or be employed singularly without the benefit of a jacket and extends along the longitudinal length of the communications cable. Alternatively, with no jacket for cable completion, a portion of the separator wherein a thin layer of material can act as a type of skin for future mechanical protection may exist. The specially shaped core support-separator has a central region that is either solid, partially solid, foamed, with a solid skin over the foam or hollow itself. The cable may include a plurality of shaped sections that extend outward from the central region along the length of the central region. Each of the adjacent specially shaped sections defines a distinct clearance channel that extends along the longitudinal length of the core support-separator. Each of the defined clearance channels allow for disposal therein of conductors and / or optical fibers.

An inerting system (10) for an aircraft (12) includes one or more fuel tank circuits (15) associated with fuel tanks (16). An air source (17) supplies pressurized air. A heat exchanger (56) cools the pressurized air. An air separation module (46) is in fluid communication with the heat exchanger (56) and separates inerting gas from the pressurized air. A controller (40) controls flow of the inerting gas from the air separation module (46) to the fuel tanks (16).

A sulfonic acid onium salt represented by the following formula (1) can be used as a superior radiosensitive acid generator for resist compositions. It is possible to form a good pattern by using a resist composition containing this sulfonic acid onium salt.In formula (1), R1 represents a monovalent organic group, and Q+ represents a sulfonium cation or iodonium cation.

A method for the production of a fiber-reinforced decorative laminate is provided. The method includes stacking, in a superimposed relationship, a decorative layer and a fiber-reinforced core layer. The decorative layer, which includes one or more decorative sheets, is at least partially resin-impregnated, and at least partially cured. The fiber-reinforced core layer includes at least one fiber-reinforced sheet, which is substantially devoid of cellulose, and at least partially resin-impregnated, and at least partially cured. The decorative and core layers are simultaneously cured, under heat and pressure, to create the fiber-reinforced decorative laminate. A fiber-reinforced decorative laminate produced according to the above method is also provided.

The invention discloses a microencapsulation expansion type flame retardant and application in an epoxy resin composite material thereof. The microencapsulation expansion type flame retardant uses ammonium polyphosphate as a capsule core and uses a thermosetting resin melamine-formaldehyde resin as a capsule material. The microencapsulation expansion type flame retardant epoxy resin composite material consists of the epoxy resin, a curing agent, a curing accelerator, the microencapsulation expansion type flame retardant and a flame-retardant carbon-forming accelerator. The microencapsulation expansion type flame retardant and the application are economic, simple and convenient; the flame retardant has good flame-retardant synergistic effects; and under the condition of little flame retardant addition, the composite material can pass V-0 level of UL-94 test, and the oxygen index reaches over 30.0 percent.

A multifunctional, high-performance hydrocarbon composition is demanded. Concretely, a metalworking oil composition having high workability even under a severer lubricating condition while resisting to high productivity, and further capable of suppressing deterioration of working environments or degradation of quality of a product without rise of lubricant cost, a metalworking oil composition for minimal quantitative lubrication system, which is excellent in characteristics as a water-insoluble lubricant for nonferrous metalworking and also in characteristics as a lubricant for cutting / grinding by minimal quantitative lubrication method, and can attain improvement in working efficiency and a further extended tool life, an electric discharge machining oil improved in working environments such as odor or skin roughness and further improved in processing rate, particularly processing rate in high-level finish, a rust preventing oil composition improved in resin compatibility, and a detergent excellent in adaptability with organic material are demanded.Therefore, metalworking oil which contains, as hydrocarbon base oil, hydrocarbon base oil having a density at 15° C. of 0.7 to 0.8 g / cm3, and including a n-paraffin content of 10 to 90% by mass, an aromatic content of 0 to 3% by volume, and a naphthene content of 0 to 20% by volume, a metalworking oil including the above-mentioned base oil and ester oil, and electric discharge machining oil, rust preventing oil, and a detergent composition including the above-mentioned base oil are provided.

The invention relates to an internal combustion engine that can be operated in compression ignition mode, the engine comprising a fuel injector for each cylinder; a fuel injection controller for controlling fuel injection quantity and a piston in each cylinder whose compression action causes a mixture of air and fuel to be ignited. The engine is further provided with inlet and outlet valves and sensors for measuring various engine operating parameters. During compression ignition mode, the control unit controls the fuel injector to perform a first fuel injection before top dead center of the exhaust stroke during a period of negative valve overlap, and a second fuel injection during the piston compression stroke. The control unit may perform a switch between a first fuel injection strategy and at least one further fuel injection strategy in response to a change in load demand on the engine.

The present invention provides a method for controlling a compression ignition internal combustion engine, which can easily cope with a wide range of demand loads. The compression ignition internal combustion engine 1 has a first fuel 2 containing ethanol, and reforming means 5 for reforming the first fuel into a second fuel having higher ignitability than the first fuel, by converting at least one part of ethanol contained in the first fuel 2 to diethyl ether, and each amount of the first fuel and the second fuel to be supplied to the compression ignition internal combustion engine is varied, in accordance with the change of a load required to the compression ignition internal combustion engine 1. Thus, the proportion of the first fuel to the total fuels supplied to the internal combustion engine 1 is increased, with the increase of the demand load, while the proportion of the second fuel to the total fuels supplied to the internal combustion engine 1 is increased, with the decrease of the demand load. The first fuel 2 contains ethanol and a hydrocarbon which is liquid at room temperature.

An inerting system (10) for an aircraft (12) includes one or more fuel tank circuits (15) associated with fuel tanks (16). An air source (17) supplies pressurized air. A heat exchanger (56) cools the pressurized air. An air separation module (46) is in fluid communication with the heat exchanger (56) and separates inerting gas from the pressurized air. A controller (40) controls flow of the inerting gas from the air separation module (46) to the fuel tanks (16).

The invention relates to an electrolyte formulation comprising a) an ionic liquid which is electrochemically stable over a range of at least 4.5 V, has a viscosity of less than 300 mPa·s at 20° C. and has a conductivity of at least 1 mS / cm at 20° C., and b) an aprotic, dipolar solvent in an amount of 20 to 60% by volume based on the electrolyte formulation, wherein the conductivity of the electrolyte formulation is greater at least by a factor of 2 than the conductivity of the ionic liquid.

The invention discloses a method for preparing expanded tobacco stem particles and the equipment thereof. The method is characterized in that the method can control the mixed ratio of tobacco stems on the basis of raw material analysis. The method comprises the following steps: mixing materials to obtain tobacco stem containing 10 to 18%of total sugar, 8 to 16% of reduced sugar, 0.3 to 1.5% of nicotine, and 1.0 to 2.0% of total nitrogen, extracting, expanding, storing, regaining moisture, granulating, recovering, shaping, cleaning and air-sorting, flavoring, and balancing to obtain the required expanded tobacco stem particles. The invention eliminates the influences of material difference on the quality of the expanded tobacco stem particles to ensure the stability and the uniformity of the product quality, thus improving the utilization rate of the tobacco stem and further improving the production process of the expanded tobacco stem particles. The method has the advantages of simple, reasonable and easy process flow, stable equipment operation, high efficiency, low energy loss, and good application prospect.

An improved structure of a spark plug which provides higher durability and ignitability of a gaseous fuel. The spark plug consists of a center electrode, a ground electrode, a noble metal chip joined to a center electrode-opposed surface of the ground electrode by laser welding, and a fused portion that forms a weld of the noble metal chip and the ground electrode formed by materials of the ground electrode and the noble metal chip melted together. A sectional area of the noble metal chip traversing a length thereof is between 0.1 mm2 and 0.6 mm2. An unfused sectional area percentage that is a percentage of a sectional area of an unfused portion of a joined end of the noble metal chip within a range of a sectional area of the noble metal chip closest to the fused portion traversing the length of the noble metal chip is less than or equal to 50%. A melt angle that is an angle which a line extending through the fused portion along a maximum depth of the fused portion makes with the center electrode-opposed surface of the ground electrode is less than or equal to 60°.

The invention belongs to the field of biodegradable materials and relates to a flame retardant and anti-static biodegradable material, and a preparation method thereof. The biodegradable material is prepared by the following components by weight: 5-90 parts of a biodegradable resin, 0-10 parts of a reactive agent and 5-90 parts of flame retardant and anti-static starch master batch. By compounding an organic anti-static agent and an inorganic anti-static agent, a durable anti-static property is endowed to the biodegradable material; and dependency of the anti-static property to environment humidity is reduced. Meanwhile, by adding an intumescent flame retardant with the starch as a carbon source, inflammability of the biodegradable material is effectively overcome. The anti-static agent and the intumescent flame retardant are environment-friendly; and excellent mechanical properties and processing properties of the biodegradable material are retained.

An improved process is provided for the preparation of siloxane-oxyalkylene and siloxane-alkyl copolymer compositions via a hydrosilation reaction in the presence of high boiling point natural vegetable oils as the reaction solvent. The reaction solvent need not be removed from the block copolymer product, and indeed is beneficial to remain with the copolymer particularly when the copolymer is used as a surfactant for polyurethane foam formulations. Soybean oil and linseed oil are the preferred high boiling natural oil solvents when the copolymer product is to be used in the preparation of the surfactants for polyurethane foams. High resiliency polyurethane foam prepared with these natural oils present in the surfactant preparation afforded improved compression sets, wet compression sets and humid aged compression sets. Additionally, the use of the surfactants made with natural oils as a reaction solvent or consequently surfactants post diluted with natural oils when employed in the preparation of polyurethane foam afforded foams with greatly reduced amounts of "glass fogging".

The present invention includes a high performance communications cable exhibiting reduced cross-talk between transmission media that includes one or more core support separators (122) having various shaped profiles which define a clearance to maintain a spacing between transmission media or transmission media pairs. The core may be formed of a conductive or insulative material to further reduce cross-talk. The central core region may include a hollow opening or duct for blown fiber (ABF). The specially shaped core support-separator can be either interior to the cable jacket or be employed singularly without the benefit of a jacket, then a portion of the separator wherein a thin layer of material can act as a type of skin for future mechanical protection may exist. The cable may include a plurality of shaped sections that extend outward from the central region and that define distinct clearance channels for disposal therein of conductors and / or optical fibers.

The invention relates to an online furnace fuel flow control device and a method thereof. The device introduces a fuel gas molecular weight measuring instrument, a fuel gas temperature measuring instrument of a fuel gas feeding pipe, and fuel gas pressure measuring instrument parameters and is used for calculation after precision compensation. In the future, the first calculation module for the measured value of the fuel gas flow and the second calculation module for calculating the set value of the fuel gas flow when the real-time ideal combustion effect of the on-line furnace is used will correct and adjust the flow of the fuel gas to ensure that the fuel gas involved in the control The air flow value is the flow rate that can be completely burned. At the same time, the third calculation module is introduced to calculate the air flow setting value of the real-time ideal combustion effect of the online furnace to adjust the air flow flowing into the online furnace, so that the air flow into the online furnace The fuel ratio in the furnace can achieve the ideal combustion effect, ensuring that the temperature of the exhaust gas of the online furnace is at the ideal temperature value.

Systems and methods for increasing an amount of fuel injected into a dedicated exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) cylinder in an engine are disclosed. In one example approach, a method comprises, prior to combustion, injecting a first amount of fuel to a dedicated EGR cylinder, and after combustion and during an expansion and / or exhaust stroke, directly injecting a second amount of fuel to the dedicated EGR cylinder.

There is disclosed a sulfonium salt represented by the following general formula (1). In the formula, X and Y each represents a group having a polymerizable functional group; Z represents a divalent hydrocarbon group having 1 to 33 carbon atoms optionally containing a hetero atom; R1 represents a divalent hydrocarbon group having 1 to 36 carbon atoms optionally containing a hetero atom; and R2 and R3 each represents a monovalent hydrocarbon group having 1 to 30 carbon atoms optionally containing a hetero atom or R2 and R3 may be bonded with each other to form a ring together with a sulfur atom in the formula. There can be provided a sulfonium salt usable as a resist composition providing high resolution and excellent in LER in photolithography using a high energy beam such as an ArF excimer laser, an EUV light and an electron beam as a light source, a polymer obtained from the sulfonium salt, a resist composition containing the polymer and a patterning process using the resist composition.

Injection nozzle 7 and electrode rods 8 and 9 (ignitor) are surrounded by double-cylinder flame stabilizer 10. Toroidal blocking plate 13 closes between inner and outer cylinders 11 and 12 of the stabilizer at its distal end whose proximal end is connected with line 15 for introducing combustion air 14 to between the cylinders. Inflow holes 16 are formed throughout the inner cylinder at its proximal end. Peripheral fins 17 are formed peripherally on the inner cylinder radially inwardly through cutting and bending-up at positions shifted from the inflow holes toward the distal end of the inner cylinder such that combustion air is introduced from circumferentially to form swirling flow inside the inner cylinder. End fins 18 are formed on the blocking plate in fuel injection direction through cutting and bending-up such that combustion air is discharged circumferentially to form swirling flow around flame 21.

A high-pressure pump is formed with a secondary suction passage, which branches from a fuel suction passage and communicates with a pump chamber. Check valves for preventing a backflow of fuel are disposed respectively in the secondary suction passage and a discharge passage. An electromagnetic valve for regulating a fuel discharge quantity is disposed in the fuel suction passage. Normal control for controlling the fuel discharge quantity by controlling opening timing and closing timing of the electromagnetic valve with respect to reciprocating movement of a plunger is performed when an engine rotation speed is higher than a predetermined value during operation of an engine. Valve closing control for holding the electromagnetic valve at a closed state is performed when the engine rotation speed is equal to or lower than the predetermined value.

An internal combustion engine that can be operated in compression ignition mode, comprising a fuel injector (2) for each cylinder; a fuel injection control unit (4) for controlling fuel injection quantity and a piston (5) in each cylinder whose compression action causes a mixture of air and fuel to be ignited. The engine is further provided with inlet and outlet valves (6, 7) and sensors (12-16) for measuring various engine operating parameters, is disclosed. During compression ignition mode, the control unit controls the fuel injector to perform a first fuel injection before, and a second fuel injection after top dead center of the piston stroke during or after a negative valve overlap period. A method for operating the engine and a computer readable storage device (4) having stored therein data representing instructions executable by a computer to implement a compression ignition for an internal combustion engine is also described.

A plasma-jet spark plug includes a metal shell, an electrical insulator retained in the metal shell, a center electrode held in an axial hole of the electrical insulator to define a cavity by a front end face of the center electrode and an inner circumferential surface of the insulator axial hole and a ground electrode arranged on a front end of the electrical insulator. The ground electrode has an opening defining portion defining an opening for communication between the cavity and the outside of the spark plug. The opening defining portion is located radially inside of or in contact with a first imaginary circular conical surface where the first imaginary circular conical surface has an axis coinciding with an axis of the spark plug and a vertex angle of 120° opening toward a front end of the spark plug and passing through a front edge of the insulator axial hole.

Disclosed is an internal combustion engine which is to be mounted on automobiles or the like and in which an improvement has been achieved in terms of startability and combustion stability during warm-up operation. In an internal combustion engine of the type in which gas discharged from a combustion heater is introduced into an intake passage of the internal combustion engine, a fuel vaporizing glow plug is operated during the period from the starting of the internal combustion engine to the occurrence of complete explosion, whereby unburned vaporized fuel is supplied from the combustion heater to the internal combustion engine.

The invention discloses an on-duty flame stabilizer, which comprises an atomization slot, an oil injection rod, an evaporation tube, a stabilizer side wall and air injection holes, wherein the atomization slot is a slot-shaped structural part with certain wall thickness and is arranged in the evaporation tube, a slot mouth points downstream, and the oil injection rod is at downstream position; the oil injection rod is provided with a plurality of oil injection holes and is arranged in the evaporation tube; the evaporation tube is a slot-shaped structural part with the air injection holes at both sides and certain wall thickness, and the outer side of the evaporation tube is provided with a stabilizer side wall; the stabilizer side wall is a two-side plat plate type structural part with certain wall thickness, and two flat plates have a certain flare angle downstream; a gap is left between the atomization slot and the evaporation tube, and the gap is flush at the head part of the stabilizer; a gap is left between the evaporation tube and the stabilizer side wall, and the gap is flush at the head part of the stabilizer; the air injection holes are positioned at both sides of the evaporation tube close to the bottom; and the on-duty flame stabilizer can be used in an aircraft engine and a stamping engine to improve the ignition performance, the flame stability and the combustion efficiency.

There is a kind of low temperature catalyst of mid distillate in producing heavy alkenes, its weight percentage composing is Y zeolite 20%-40%, phosphor-tungsten mixed multi-acid or silicon-tungsten mixed multi-acid 5%-20%, nickel oxide 5-10%, alumina 40-60%. The surface of catalyst 250-450m2 / g, hole capacity 0.45-0.70 ml / g, TPD acidity 0.8-1.9 mmol / g. The catalyst in the invention has strong low-temperature reaction active and mid-oil selectivity to heavy alkenes, it applies to process of hydrogenation cracking which creates mid-distillate.

A plasma-jet spark plug includes a metal shell, an electrical insulator retained in the metal shell, a center electrode held in an axial hole of the electrical insulator to define a cavity by a front end face of the center electrode and an inner circumferential surface of the insulator axial hole and a ground electrode arranged on a front end of the electrical insulator. The ground electrode has an opening defining portion defining an opening for communication between the cavity and the outside of the spark plug. The opening defining portion is located radially inside of or in contact with a first imaginary circular conical surface where the first imaginary circular conical surface has an axis coinciding with an axis of the spark plug and a vertex angle of 120° opening toward a front end of the spark plug and passing through a front edge of the insulator axial hole.

Disclosed is an internal combustion engine in which it is possible to provide, from the exhaust stroke to the intake stroke, a period T during which both an intake valve (14) and an exhaust valve (15) remain closed, the internal combustion engine being equipped with a fuel injection valve (24) capable of injecting fuel into a combustion chamber (16), the closing time EVC for the exhaust valve (15) being set to be on the advance side with respect to the intake top dead center, the fuel injected from the fuel injection valve (24) being pressurized together with a residual gas inside the combustion chamber (16) during the period T in which both the intake valve (14) and the exhaust valve (15) remain closed.