The invention discloses a while-drilling monitoring system based on the Internet of Things, and relates to the technical field of geotechnical engineering investigation. According to the specific scheme, the while-drilling monitoring system comprises a control module and a drilling machine, wherein the control module is used for controlling the action of the drilling machine, a data acquisition device and a data processing device are arranged in the drilling machine, the data acquisition device comprises a pressure sensor, a depth sensor and a torque sensor which are arranged at the front endof a drilling tool and are used for acquiring pressure, drilling depth and torque information of the drilling tool in real time in the drilling process, the data acquisition device further comprises aconversion device arranged at the rear end of the drilling tool, the conversion device is in signal connection with the pressure sensor, the depth sensor, the torque sensor and the data processing device, and a rotating speed sensor is arranged in the conversion device. The while-drilling monitoring system based on the Internet of Things can monitor, record, transmit and process related data generated in the drilling process in real time while drilling, and it is guaranteed that the disclosed geotechnical engineering is substantially oriented, efficient and accurate.