The invention discloses a microfluidic sampling system, which includes a quantitative sampling module, an air pressure drive and control module, and a negative pressure generator; the quantitative sampling module includes a sample pool, an inlet working channel, a first one-way valve, a first hydrophobic Valve, quantitative sampling chamber, second steam trap, third steam trap, second one-way valve, inlet working channel; the first one-way valve is set on the inlet working channel; the second one-way valve is set on the outlet working channel The inlet and outlet ports of the quantitative sampling chamber are respectively the first steam trap and the second steam trap; a third steam trap is arranged between the second steam trap and the second one-way valve; the pneumatic drive and control module includes a micro air pump, The miniature solenoid valve and the controller, the air pump is the air source to provide the driving pressure, the solenoid valve and the controller form the control unit to control the on-off of the driving pressure. The system can improve the precision of quantitative sample injection, and can control the flow rate and flow rate of the sample according to the principle of pulse modulation during sample injection, and can save the cost of sample injection.