282 results about "Thermal equilibrium" patented technology

A system and method for determining the temperature of a semiconductor wafer at the time of thermal contact of the semiconductor wafer with a temperature sensing element. According to the invention, a temperature profile of the temperature sensing element is recorded from the time of thermal contact up to the time of thermal equilibrium between the semiconductor wafer and the temperature sensing element and the temperature of the semiconductor wafer at the time of thermal contact is determined on the basis of a time period between the time of thermal contact and the time of thermal equilibrium and the temperature TG of the semiconductor wafer reached at the time tG of thermal equilibrium is determined by back calculation with the aid of an equation derived from Newton's law of cooling.

A system and method for determining the temperature of a semiconductor wafer at the time of thermal contact of the semiconductor wafer with a temperature sensing element. According to the invention, a temperature profile of the temperature sensing element is recorded from the time of thermal contact up to the time of thermal equilibrium between the semiconductor wafer and the temperature sensing element and the temperature of the semiconductor wafer at the time of thermal contact is determined on the basis of a time period between the time of thermal contact and the time of thermal equilibrium and the temperature TG of the semiconductor wafer reached at the time tG of thermal equilibrium is determined by back calculation with the aid of an equation derived from Newton's law of cooling.

A printed circuit board has a liquid crystalline polymer layer that is bonded to an electrically conductive layer that includes traces that electrically connect components mounted on the printed circuit board. The liquid crystalline polymer material is thermally conductive and dielectric. When the components produce heat, the liquid crystalline polymer layer absorbs and dissipates the heat produced by the electrical components mounted on the printed circuit board. The thermal equilibrium of the printed circuit board is lower than the maximum operating temperature of the components.

It is arranged so that ions can be analyzed accurately and with high sensitivity. A first electrode 11 is provided on the outer periphery of a dielectric cylindrical body 13 and a second electrode 12 is placed inside the cylindrical body 13 leaving a clearance between itself and the inner surface of the cylindrical body 13. When an AC high voltage is impressed across the first electrode 11 and second electrode 12, a barrier discharge occurs within the cylindrical body 13. When a distal end portion 12a of the second electrode 12 projects outwardly from the distal end of the cylindrical body 13, a thermal equilibrium plasma P having a low electron temperature is generated outwardly of the distal end of the cylindrical body 13 without a plasma jet ascribable to the barrier discharge emerging outwardly from the distal end of the cylindrical body 13. By exposing a sample S to the thermal equilibrium plasma P, particles (atoms, molecules) desorbed from the sample S undergo soft ionization without being decomposed or polymerized. The ions generated are introduced to a mass analyzer 50.

A submerged gas processor in the form of an evaporator or a submerged gas reactor includes a vessel, a gas delivery tube partially disposed within the vessel to deliver a gas into the vessel and a process fluid inlet that provides a process fluid to the vessel at a rate sufficient to maintain a controlled constant level of fluid within the vessel. A weir is disposed within the vessel adjacent the gas delivery tube to form a first fluid circulation path between a first weir end and a wall of the vessel and a second fluid circulation path between a second weir end and an upper end of the vessel. During operation, gas introduced through the tube mixes with the process fluid and the combined gas and fluid flow at a high rate with a high degree of turbulence along the first and second circulation paths defined around the weir, thereby promoting vigorous mixing and intimate contact between the gas and the process fluid. This turbulent flow develops a significant amount of interfacial surface area between the gas and the process fluid resulting in a reduction of the required residence time of the gas within the process fluid to; achieve thermal equilibrium and / or to drive chemical reactions to completion, all of which leads to a more efficient and complete evaporation, chemical reaction, or combined evaporation and chemical reaction process.

Supercritical conversion of hydrocarbons boiling above 538° C. (1000° F.) with a solvating hydrocarbon at a weight ratio of solvating hydrocarbon to high-boiling hydrocarbons of at least 2:1 and at conditions above the critical temperature and pressure of the high-boiling hydrocarbons-solvent mixture, in the presence of hot fluidized solids. The hydrocarbons are supplied to a reaction zone at a temperature below that of the hot solids supplied thereto, whereby the resulting hydrocarbons-solids suspension has a thermal equilibrium temperature corresponding to the reaction temperature. The conversion has high rates of sulfur, nitrogen and metals removal, nearly complete conversion to lower molecular weight products, high naphtha and distillate selectivity, and low coke formation. The supercritical conversion can replace crude distillation, vacuum distillation, solvent deasphalting, coking, hydrocracking, hydrotreating, and / or fluid catalytic cracking, and / or used in parallel with such unit operations for debottle-necking or increasing capacity.

A desalination system in the form of a submerged gas evaporator that includes a vessel, a gas delivery tube partially disposed within the vessel to deliver a gas into the vessel and a fluid inlet that provides a fluid to the vessel at a rate sufficient to maintain a controlled constant level of fluid within the vessel. A weir is disposed within the vessel adjacent the gas delivery tube to form a first fluid circulation path between a first weir end and a wall of the vessel and a second fluid circulation path between a second weir end and an upper end of the vessel. During operation, gas introduced through the tube mixes with the fluid and the combined gas and fluid flow at a high rate with a high degree of turbulence along the first and second circulation paths defined around the weir, thereby promoting vigorous mixing and intimate contact between the gas and the fluid. This turbulent flow develops a significant amount of inter facial surface area between the gas and the fluid resulting in a reduction of the required residence time of the gas within the fluid to achieve thermal equilibrium which leads to a more efficient and complete evaporation. Additionally, vapor exiting the submerged gas evaporator is condensed in a condensing unit thus precipitating vapor into a liquid for removal.

A fluid scrubber in the form of a submerged gas reactor includes a reaction vessel, a gas delivery lube partially disposed within the reaction vessel to deliver a gas into the reaction vessel and a scrubbing liquid inlet that provides a scrubbing liquid to the reaction vessel at a rate sufficient to maintain a controlled, constant level of fluid within the reaction vessel. A weir is disposed within the reaction vessel adjacent the gas delivery tube to form a first fluid circulation path between a first weir end and a wall of the reaction vessel and a second fluid circulation path between a second weir end and an upper end of the reaction vessel. During operation, gas introduced through the tube mixes with the scrubbing liquid and the combined gas and liquid flow at a high rate with a high degree of turbulence along the first and second, circulation paths defined around the weir, thereby promoting vigorous mixing and intimate contact between the gas and the scrubbing liquid. This turbulent flow develops a significant amount of interfacial surface area between the gas and the scrubbing liquid resulting in a reduction of the required residence time of the gas within the scrubbing liquid to achieve thermal equilibrium and / or to drive chemical reactions to completion, all of which leads to a more efficient and complete evaporation, chemical reaction, or combined evaporation and chemical reaction process.

Supercritical conversion of hydrocarbons boiling above 538° C. (1000° F.) with a solvating hydrocarbon at a weight ratio of solvating hydrocarbon to high-boiling hydrocarbons of at least 2:1 and at conditions above the critical temperature and pressure of the high-boiling hydrocarbons-solvent mixture, in the presence of hot fluidized solids. The hydrocarbons are supplied to a reaction zone at a temperature below that of the hot solids supplied thereto, whereby the resulting hydrocarbons-solids suspension has a thermal equilibrium temperature corresponding to the reaction temperature. The conversion has high rates of sulfur, nitrogen and metals removal, nearly complete conversion to lower molecular weight products, high naphtha and distillate selectivity, and low coke formation. The supercritical conversion can replace crude distillation, vacuum distillation, solvent deasphalting, coking, hydrocracking, hydrotreating, and / or fluid catalytic cracking, and / or used in parallel with such unit operations for debottle-necking or increasing capacity.

An ionization apparatus comprises a first electrode provided on the outer periphery of a dielectric cylindrical body and a second cylindrical electrode placed inside at a center of the cylindrical body. When an AC high voltage is impressed across the first electrode and the second cylindrical electrode, a barrier discharge occurs within the cylindrical body. A distal end portion of the second cylindrical electrode projects outwardly from the distal end of the cylindrical body, a thermal equilibrium plasma P having a low electron temperature is generated outwardly from the distal end of the cylindrical body without a plasma jet ascribable to the barrier discharge emerging outwardly from the distal end of the cylindrical body. By exposing a sample S to the thermal equilibrium plasma P, particles (atoms, molecules) desorbed from the sample S undergo soft ionization without being decomposed or polymerized.

The invention discloses a composite phase change heat exchanger with a medium-pressure and low-pressure evaporator, which comprises the medium-pressure and low-pressure evaporator and a steam header which are communicated by an ascending pipe and a descending pipe, a water feeding pipe and a steam outputting pipe are arranged on the steam header, an upper section of the composite phase change heat exchanger is positioned in a wind channel of an original air preheater, and a lower section of the composite phase change heat exchanger is positioned in a back flue channel of the air preheater; an automatic control device of the composite phase change heat exchanger adjusts and controls the heat exchange volume of the evaporator and the wall temperature of the lower section of the composite phase change heat exchanger. The composite phase change heat exchanger not only directly produces low-pressure or medium-pressure steam by using the recycled heat through a steam generating device and provides heat usage as a heat supply, but also controls the thermal equilibrium among the heat exchange volumes of the flue gas, the medium-pressure and low-pressure evaporator, a coal economizer and the wall of the air preheater by adjusting the steam flow of the steam outputting pipe of the steam header through the automatic control device, and consequently leads the flue gas temperature at the outlet to be higher than a flue gas acid dew point on the lower section wall surface of the composite phase change heat exchanger, avoids moisture condensation and achieves the purpose of utilizing waste heat of the flue gas to the utmost degree.

An air stripper in the form of an submerged gas evaporator or a submerged gas reactor that includes a vessel, a gas delivery tube partially disposed within the vessel to deliver a gas into the vessel and a contaminated liquid inlet that provides a contaminated liquid to the vessel at a rate sufficient to maintain a controlled constant level of process fluid within the vessel. A weir is disposed within the vessel adjacent the gas delivery tube to form a first fluid circulation path between a first weir end and a wall of the vessel and a second fluid circulation path between a second weir end and an upper end of the vessel. During operation, gas introduced through the tube mixes with the process fluid and the combined gas and fluid flow at a high rate with a high degree of turbulence along the first and second circulation paths defined around the weir, thereby promoting vigorous mixing and intimate contact between the gas and the process fluid. This turbulent flow develops a significant amount of interfacial surface area between the gas and the process fluid resulting in a reduction of the required residence time of the gas within the process fluid to achieve thermal equilibrium and / or to drive chemical reactions to completion, all of which leads to a more efficient and complete evaporation, chemical reaction, or combined evaporation and chemical reaction process.

The invention relates to the technical field of thermal treatment, in particular to a pulse combustion temperature control method of heat treating furnace, which is characterized by comprising the following steps: firstly, utilizing fuzzy self-adapting PID impulse adjustment to control temperature when a steel billet does not enter the temperature control segment of a heating zone, secondly, cutting the fuzzy self-adapting PID impulse adjustment control when understanding that steel billets enter the heating zone according to the material tracing information of the heat treating furnace, and conducing thermal energy balance control, thirdly, switching to fuzzy self-adapting PID impulse adjustment to control temperature when understanding that steel billets leave off according to the material tracing information of the heat treating furnace, fourthly, always adopting the conventional PID impulse adjustment to control temperature in a soaking zone. The pulse combustion temperature control method adopts the combination of fuzzy self-adapting PID impulse adjustment and thermal balanceheat supply to control heating segments, has better temperature control precision, can control overshoot within 10 DEG C, and plays the effects of accurate temperature control, fast dynamic response and energy saving.

A method of detecting radiation through which the residence time of charge carriers is dramatically reduced by an external optical energy source and the occupancy of the deep-level defects is maintained close to the thermal equilibrium of the un-irradiated device even under high-flux exposure conditions. Instead of relying on thermal energy to release the trapped carriers, infra-red light radiation is used to provide sufficient energy for the trapped carriers to escape from defect levels. Cd1-xZnxTe crystals are transparent to infra-red light of this energy and no additional absorption occurs other than the one associated with the ionization of the targeted deep-level defects. This allows irradiation geometry from the side source of the Cd1-xZnxTe detector crystals.

In one example, a firearm sound suppressor includes a housing and an end plate disposed at a front end of the housing and comprising a bore extending therethrough. The bore includes a tapered portion that opens toward a front surface of the end plate. The tapered portion has an included angle in a range of approximately 10 degrees to approximately 25 degrees. The bore is adapted to pass a first round and first associated gases to reduce a size of a first muzzle flash caused by a firing of the first round by a firearm when the firearm sound suppressor is substantially at thermal equilibrium with a surrounding environment. Other embodiments are also contemplated.

Methods for detecting a liquid under a surface and characterizing Ice are provided The liquid may be a liquid hydrocarbon such as crude oil or fuel oil or mineral oil The surface may be ice, snow, or water, and the method may be practiced in an arctic region to detect oil spills, leaks, or seepages The methods may be used with a range finder to characterize marine ice The methods may include a nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) tool with antenna to send a radio-frequency (RF) excitation pulse or signal into volume of substances being detected, detect an NMR response signal to determine the presence of the liquid of interest The NMR response may include a relaxation time element and an intensity level and may include a free induction signal (T2*), a spin echo signal (T2), a train of spin echo signals (T2), or a thermal equilibrium signal (T 1).

The present invention features geothermal systems with improved control strategies for efficient operation of multiple geothermal wells. In many embodiments, each well in a geothermal system of the present invention is operated in cycles. Each cycle includes a heat exchange phase followed by a thermal recovery phase. During a heat exchange phase, the well is engaged in exchanging heat with a heat pump. During a thermal recovery phase, the well is kept inactive for establishing thermal equilibrium with the earth. On many occasions, the geothermal system simultaneously operates a group of wells in a heat exchange phase to serve the building HVAC load, while maintaining other wells inactive for thermal recovery. The switching between different operational stages is regulated for each well to improve the overall performance of the system while satisfying the building demand.

Systems and methods automatically modify a laser-based system for processing target specimens such as semiconductor wafers. In one embodiment, the laser-based system detects a trigger associated with a processing model. The processing model corresponds to a set of wafers. In response to the trigger, the system automatically adjusts one or more system parameters based on the processing model. The system then uses the modified system parameters to selectively irradiate structures on or within at least one wafer in the set of wafers. In one embodiment, the trigger includes variations in a thermal state related to a motion stage. In response to the variations in the thermal state, the system operates the motion stage in a series of movements until a thermal equilibrium threshold is reached. The sequence of movements may, for example, simulate movements used to process a particular wafer.

A method of forming a gel and / or powder of a metallic oxide, metalloid oxide and / or a mixed oxide or resin thereof from one or more respective organometallic liquid precursor(s) and / or organometalloid liquid precursor(s) by oxidatively treating said liquid in a non-thermal equilibrium plasma discharge and / or an ionised gas stream resulting therefrom and collecting the resulting product. The non-thermal equilibrium plasma is preferably atmospheric plasma glow discharge, continuous low pressure glow discharge plasma, low pressure pulse plasma or direct barrier discharge. The metallic oxides this invention particularly relates to are those in columns 3a and 4a of the periodic table namely, aluminium, gallium, indium, tin and lead and the transition metals. The metalloids may be selected from boron, silicon, germanium, arsenic, antimony and tellurium. Preferred metalloid oxide products made according to the process of the present invention are in particular oxides of silicon including silicone resins and the like, boron, antimony and germanium.

A method for deposition of functional coatings comprises igniting a non-thermal equilibrium plasma within an ambient pressure plasma chamber having a gas supply inlet and a plasma outlet; and providing a substrate to be coated adjacent to the plasma outlet. A gas phase pre-cursor monomer is provided to the plasma chamber through the gas inlet. A specific energy is coupled into the plasma during the flow of the pre-cursor through the chamber sufficient to disassociate at least the weakest intra-molecular bond required to allow polymerisation of the pre-cursor when deposited on a surface of the substrate adjacent the plasma outlet, the coupled specific energy not exceeding a specific energy required break intra-molecular bonds required for the functionality of the monomer molecule.

A submerged gas processor in the form of an evaporator or a submerged gas reactor includes a vessel, a gas delivery tube partially disposed within the vessel to deliver a gas into the vessel and a process fluid inlet that provides a process fluid to the vessel at a rate sufficient to maintain a controlled constant level of fluid within the vessel. A weir is disposed within the vessel adjacent the gas delivery tube to form a first fluid circulation path between a first weir end and a wall of the vessel and a second fluid circulation path between a second weir end and an upper end of the vessel. During operation, gas introduced through the tube mixes with the process fluid and the combined gas and fluid flow at a high rate with a high degree of turbulence along the first and second circulation paths defined around the weir, thereby promoting vigorous mixing and intimate contact between the gas and the process fluid. This turbulent flow develops a significant amount of interfacial surface area between the gas and the process fluid resulting in a reduction of the required residence time of the gas within the process fluid to; achieve thermal equilibrium and / or to drive chemical reactions to completion, all of which leads to a more efficient and complete evaporation, chemical reaction, or combined evaporation and chemical reaction process.

The verification of accuracy of an IR thermometer is provided at any temperature in the range of -25° C. to +100° C., preferably at the room temperature. The magnetic surface of a thermo-conductive mat of the present invention is applied to any metallic surface in a room. The user waits to give the contact thermometer arranged on the mat time to reach thermal equilibrium, and then aims the beam of the IR thermometer at the black body target on the mat. The reading of the IR thermometer is then compared with the reading of a contact thermometer, which is attached to the mat adjacent to the black body target. The lightweight, portable, low-cost temperature verification mats of the present invention can be used for verification of IR thermometers in different customer environments, such as in industrial environments, and with retail equipment, or home appliances, including ovens and freezers, etc.

An apparatus, system and method for temperature measurement of a target site, such a human body site. The invention includes an intelligent temperature probe configured to physically contact a target site and to communicate with a host device, which can be implemented as a hand-held device or as a personal computer. The host device can compute, store and display an accurate predicted temperature, or an actual temperature at thermal equilibrium, of the target site for each of a plurality of different intelligent temperature probes that each have unique and varied operating characteristics. A set of unique operating characteristics for each temperature probe is represented by information communicated between each respective temperature probe and the host device.

The present invention provides a method for measuring the PN-junction temperature of a light-emitting diode (LED), which uses a reference voltage to establish the function of current, real power, power factor, or driving-time interval on temperature. The initial and thermal-equilibrium values of current, real power, power factor, or driving-time interval are measured, and hence the variations thereof are calculated. Referring to the pre-established function, the temperature change is given. By the temperature change and the initial temperature, the PN-junction temperature of the LED is thereby deduced.

A system for measuring and calculating dynamic transmission capacity of a high voltage transmission line comprises: a reference lead, which is arranged around a transmission line and whose direction is parallel to the transmission line, wherein the reference lead and the transmission line are respectively provided with temperature sensors and connected with wireless sending modules, the each temperature sensor measures temperatures of the reference lead and the transmission line at a certain time interval and the each wireless sending module emits the temperatures; a computer, which accepts data and carries out calculation so as to acquire real time allowable current-carrying capacity of the lead. In the invention, sunshine radiation can be substituted and the allowable current-carrying capacity of the transmission line can be calculated without using a sunshine radiation sensor. A transient thermal equilibrium formula equation is used to solve a heat transfer coefficient. And a steady heat balance equation is used to calculate the real time allowable current-carrying capacity of the transmission line based on the heat transfer coefficient. In the invention, operation is simple, labor intensity is small, the sunshine radiation sensor is not needed and costs can be reduced.

An field effect transistor includes a first semiconductor region, a gate electrode insulatively disposed over the first semiconductor region, source and drain electrodes between which the first semiconductor region is sandwiched, and second semiconductor regions each formed between the first semiconductor region and one of the source and drain electrodes, and having impurity concentration higher than that of the first semiconductor region, the source electrode being offset to the gate electrode in a direction in which the source electrode and the drain electrode are separated from each other with respect to a channel direction, and one of the second semiconductor regions having a thickness not more than a thickness with which the one of second semiconductor regions is completely depleted in the channel direction being in thermal equilibrium with the source electrode therewith.

The present invention provides carbon nanotube coated fabric compositions for the purpose tuning the optical properties of fabric, in particular the optical transmittance, absorption, and reflectance in the visible, NIR and mid-IR ranges. The carbon nanotube coated fabrics of the present invention exhibit relatively uniform absorptivity and reflectivity of light across visible and IR spectral ranges and are ideal for use in stealth operations for counteracting night vision detection devices. The carbon nanotube coatings are thin, flexible coatings exhibiting high thermal and chemical stability, strong adhesion, low weight, and high tensile strength. In one embodiment, the composition includes an insulator layer for thermally isolating the CNT coating and establishing thermal equilibrium with the surrounding environment through the absorption of thermal IR emitted from hot objects. Processes for preparing the carbon nanotube coated fabrics are also described herein.

A fault diagnosis device conducts a fault diagnosis in a temperature sensor. At starting an internal combustion engine, a thermal equilibrium condition may be established and temperature deviations of temperatures detected by at least two reference temperature sensors from each other may be equal to or less than a predetermined value, with the temperatures detected by the reference temperature sensors being greatly deviated from one detected by a temperature sensor being diagnosed. In this case, if the temperatures detected by the reference temperature sensors do not drop by a predetermined temperature or more from starting the engine until a predetermined time elapses, the fault diagnosis device determines that the temperature sensor being diagnosed is faulty.

Systems and methods automatically modify a laser-based system for processing target specimens such as semiconductor wafers. In one embodiment, the laser-based system detects a trigger associated with a processing model. The processing model corresponds to a set of wafers. In response to the trigger, the system automatically adjusts one or more system parameters based on the processing model. The system then uses the modified system parameters to selectively irradiate structures on or within at least one wafer in the set of wafers. In one embodiment, the trigger includes variations in a thermal state related to a motion stage. In response to the variations in the thermal state, the system operates the motion stage in a series of movements until a thermal equilibrium threshold is reached. The sequence of movements may, for example, simulate movements used to process a particular wafer.