89 results about "Radical formation" patented technology

The present invention provides a composition for chemical-mechanical polishing which comprises at least one abrasive particle having a surface at least partially coated by a activator. The activator comprises a metal other than a metal of Group 4(b), Group 5(b) or Group 6(b). The composition further comprises at least one oxidizing agent. The composition is believed to be effective by virtue of the interaction between the activator coated on the surface of the abrasive particles and the oxidizing agent, at the activator surface, to form free radicals. The invention further provides a method that employs the composition in the polishing of a feature or layer, such as a metal film, on a substrate surface. The invention additionally provides a substrate produced this method.

A CMP composition having: a fluid comprising water and at least one oxidizing compound that produces free radicals when contacted with an activator; and a plurality of particles having a surface and comprising at least one activator selected from ions or compounds of Cu, Fe, Mn, Ti, or mixtures thereof disposed on said surface, wherein at least a portion of said surface comprises a stabilizer. Preferred activators are selected from inorganic oxygen-containing compounds of B, W, Al, and P, for example borate, tungstate, aluminate, and phosphate. The activators are preferably ions of Cu or Fe. Surprisingly, as little as 0.2 ppm and 12 ppm of activator is useful, if the activator-containing particles are suspended in the fluid as a slurry. Advantageously, certain organic acids, and especially dihydroxy enolic acids, are included in an amount less than about 4000 ppm. Advantageously, activator is coated onto abrasive particles after the particles have been coated with stabilizer.

A scalable, energy efficient process for preparing cellulose nanofibers is disclosed. The process employs a depolymerizing treatment with one or both of: (a) a relatively high charge of ozone under conditions that promote the formation of free radicals to chemically depolymerize the cellulose fiber cell wall and interfiber bonds; or (b) a cellulase enzyme. Depolymerization may be estimated by pulp viscosity changes. The depolymerizing treatment is followed by or concurrent with mechanical comminution of the treated fibers, the comminution being done in any of several mechanical comminuting devices, the amount of energy savings varying depending on the type of comminuting system and the treatment conditions. Comminution may be carried out to any of several endpoint measures such as fiber length, % fines or slurry viscosity.

Reduction of the likelihood of adverse inflammatory reaction to an implant or a transplant is achieved through several mechanisms including the catalysis of isomerization of peroxynitrite by a hydrogel-bound peroxynitrite isomerization catalysts. A second mechanism controls acceptable and unacceptable dimensions of surface features of implants, such as vascular stents. A third mechanism fabricates implants from materials which are substantially free from alloys transition metals which produce ions of which catalyze cell killing radical formation.

A method for forming a thin film using radicals generated by plasma may include generating radicals of a reactant precursor using plasma; forming a first thin film on a substrate by exposing the substrate to a mixture of the radicals of the reactant precursor and a source precursor; exposing the substrate to the source precursor; and forming a second thin film on the substrate by exposing the substrate to the mixture of the radicals of the reactant precursor and the source precursor. Since the substrate is exposed to the source precursor between the formation of the first thin film and the formation of the second thin film, the rate of deposition may be improved.

Optical therapeutic treatment devices, systems, apparatus, methods, and techniques are disclosed. Embodiments can include a housing extending along a central axis X, an elongated fiber guide coupled to the housing and adapted to receive an optical fiber having a proximal end and a distal end, a reflector assembly within the housing and extending along the central axis X. The distal end of the optical fiber can includes a carbonized tip within the reflector assembly. The reflector assembly is adapted to reflect the optical energy emitted from the distal end and propagating radially with respect to the central is, so that the reflected optical energy propagates at least in part along a propagation axis parallel to the central axis. Embodiments can utilize free space optics / transmission. Further embodiments can utilize NIR radiation (e.g., including 870 and 930 nm) that is suitable to cause free radical formation in microbes.

The present invention provides a chemical-mechanical polishing (CMP) composition comprising an amino compound, a radical-forming oxidizing agent, a radical trapping agent capable of inhibiting radical-induced oxidation of the amino compound, and an aqueous carrier therefore. The radical trapping agent is a hydroxyl-substituted polyunsaturated cyclic compound, a nitrogenous compound, or a combination thereof. Optionally, the composition comprises a metal oxide abrasive (e.g., silica, alumina, titania, ceria, zirconia, or a combination of two or more of the foregoing abrasives). The invention further provides a method of chemically-mechanically polishing a substrate with the CMP compositions, as well as a method of enhancing the shelf-life of CMP compositions containing an amine and a radical-forming oxidizing agent, in which a radical trapping agent is added to the CMP composition.

The objective of the present invention is to develop a sealing material for liquid crystals which hardly contaminates liquid crystals, shows excellent coating workability and bonding property when applied to a substrate, and has a long working time (pot life), a low-temperature curing property and an excellent adhesion strength. The sealing material for liquid crystals is characterized by comprising: (A) as a curing resin a mixture of (a) an epoxy group-containing curing resin and (b) a (meth)acryloyl group-containing curing resin, or (c) a curing resin containing an epoxy group and a (meth)acryloyl group; (B) a radical-forming photopolymerization initiator; (C) an isophthalic acid dihydrazide having an average particle diameter of 3 μm or smaller; and (D) a filler having an average particle diameter of 3 μm or smaller.

The present invention provides a composition for chemical-mechanical polishing which comprises at least one abrasive particle having a surface at least partially coated by a activator. The activator comprises a metal other than a metal of Group 4(b), Group 5(b) or Group 6(b). The composition further comprises at least one oxidizing agent. The composition is believed to be effective by virtue of the interaction between the activator coated on the surface of the abrasive particles and the oxidizing agent, at the activator surface, to form free radicals. The invention further provides a method that employs the composition in the polishing of a feature or layer, such as a metal film, on a substrate surface. The invention additionally provides a substrate produced this method.

A method for forming a thin film using radicals generated by plasma may include generating radicals of a reactant precursor using plasma; forming a first thin film on a substrate by exposing the substrate to a mixture of the radicals of the reactant precursor and a source precursor; exposing the substrate to the source precursor; and forming a second thin film on the substrate by exposing the substrate to the mixture of the radicals of the reactant precursor and the source precursor. Since the substrate is exposed to the source precursor between the formation of the first thin film and the formation of the second thin film, the rate of deposition may be improved.

An in vitro culture and / or fertilization medium containing N-acetylcysteine amide (NAC amide) reduces or prevents oxidative stress and free radical formation that contribute to the cellular damage and eventual demise of sperm, oocytes and embryos that are cultured, fertilized and maintained in vitro. The NAC amide-containing medium composition for in vitro culture and fertilization is suitable for use in the culture of oocytes, in the culture and development of early embryos, in the preparation or culture of sperm, and in the pre-treatment of oocytes or sperm. The NAC amide-containing composition supports the growth of viable embryos until blastocyst stage.

The invention relates to a packaging adhesive film for a solar cell, which can effectively prolong scorch time T2 and improve the processing and packaging properties of an EVA adhesive film on the basis of small change on total cross-linking time TC. The packaging adhesive film for the solar cell contains a copolymer of ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA), a cross-linking agent, a cross-linking inhibitor and a radical trap, wherein, the masses of the cross-linking inhibitor and the radical trap are respectively 0.1-1.0% and 0-0.3% of the mass of the ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, and the cross-linking time of the packaging adhesive film for the solar cell is 10-30min. In the invention, the cross-linking inhibitor and the radical trap are added based on the formula of the existing packaging adhesive film for the solar cell to form a stable molecular structure with active radicals generated in the peroxide cross-linking agent, thus effectively preventing early-stage cross-linking and over cross-linking, and effectively prolonging the scorch time T2 on the basis of guaranteeing the total cross-linking time TC to meet the requirements.

It is an object of the present invention to provide a rotation type silicon wafer cleaning device to further raise the stability of a silicon wafer by providing a better hydrogen termination on the silicon wafer after completion of chemical and pure water cleaning treatments. According to the present invention, a rotation type silicon wafer cleaning device has a silicon wafer support / rotation driving mechanism inside the case body for cleaning the silicon wafer at the post chemical cleaning with pure water, drying and hydrogen termination treatments on the outer surface of a silicon wafer is performed by means of installing a silicon wafer drying device comprising a gas supply panel attached to a case body to supply a mixed gas of the hydrogen gas and inactive gas containing a hydrogen gas of more than 0.05%, a mixed gas supply pipe coupled to a gas mixer of the afore-mentioned gas supply panel at one end, a mixed gas heating device to heat the mixed gas in the afore-mentioned gas supply pipe, and a hydrogen radical formation apparatus equipped with a platinum coating film to form hydrogen radical at the gas contacting part where to a high temperature gas heated with the afore-mentioned mixed gas heating device touches, thus to gush out the mixed gas containing hydrogen radical formed with the afore-mentioned radical formation apparatus onto the rotating silicon wafer after cleaning is completed.

A multicomponent polyurethane / vinyl ester hybrid foam system for forming a gradient foam with soft and rigid foam regions, with a polyol component (A), a polyisocyanate component (B), and a component (C), which contains a catalyst for the polymerization of the vinyl monomer, with the polyol component (A) containing, as vinyl monomer, a mixture of vinyl esters of at least one polymerizable hydroxyvinyl ester and at least one branched, at least trifunctional, polymerizable vinyl ester, and the polyisocyanate component (B) containing a thermally activatable free radical-forming agent as catalyst for the polymerization of the vinyl monomers, with the proviso that the proportion by weight of the vinyl ester mixture is greater than the proportion by weight of the at least one polyol as well as the proportion by weight of the at least one polyisocyanate.

A processing apparatus which can precisely control a radical flux over a broad range in radical treatment is provided. A surface of a substrate, such as a semiconductor, is processed with radicals in a treatment chamber. A gas inlet is disposed between a support for supporting the substrate and a radical-generating region where radicals are generated by a radical-forming portion. A first gas outlet is disposed at the side of the radical-generating region with respect to the gas inlet. A second gas outlet is disposed at the side of the support with respect to the gas inlet.

The present invention is directed to a single stage free radical precipitation polymerization process for producing a copolymer involving admixing a solvent, a free-radical-forming agent, (meth)acrylic acid, and at least one monomer selected from the group consisting of styrene, vinyl acetate, methylmethacrylate, butyl acrylate, methyl acrylate, acrylonitrile, and isopropylacrylamide; initiating a free-radical precipitation polymerization to form a plurality of polymer radicals; precipitating a polymer from said polymer radicals; maintaining the admixture of reactants at a temperature above the lower critical solution temperature of said admixture; and controlling the temperature of said admixture to control the rate of propagation of the polymer. The process is useful for producing random copolymers of vinyl acetate or styrene with more than 4 percent and up to greater than 20 percent by weight of (meth)acrylic acid.

A method of inhibiting the formation of oxygen-containing free radicals and derivatives of them during and following exercise is disclosed. It includes administering an amount of a supplement containing one or more compounds selected from the group consisting of pentose carbohydrates and derivatives thereof in conjunction with said exercise. The supplement is administered as a dose at one or more times selected from prior to, during and after exercise.

Methods for the prevention and treatment of skin damage arising from the exposure to UV radiation, air pollution and other stressors capable of leading to the formation of free radicals, using the small-dithiol protein glutaredoxin in a dermatologically acceptable carrier that can be applied topically are disclosed. Some embodiments may include other proteins such as superoxide dismutase and / or catalase, as well as other antioxidant molecules such as reduced glutathione, vitamin E, vitamin C, lycopene, astaxanthin and / or tocotrienols.

The invention provides compositions of matter, methods of their synthesis, and methods of their use in polymerization reactions. The compositions include polyfunctional initiators used to make star polymers when polymerized with monomers. The polyfunctional initiators are synthesized out of a multifunctional core with at least two functional groups and two or more initiator units bonded to the functional groups. The initiator units have two electron-withdrawing groups bonded to a central carbon atom and an azo group between the central carbon atom and the functional group. The polyfunctional initiators are particularly effective because when they decompose to form the radical core of a star polymer, the electron-withdrawing groups prevent the corresponding radical from forming any linear polymer contamination and only desired star polymers result.

The invention discloses an active multifunctional carrier for microbial self-repairing concrete and a preparation method thereof. The active multifunctional carrier is composed of a granulation mothernucleus, an internal functional component and an outer protective wall material, wherein the internal functional component comprises a carbonate slow-release component, a volcanic ash active component, an inert filler component and a microbial powder component. The carrier is prepared by a powder granulation technology. The functions of microorganism protection, carbonate slow release and volcanic ash reaction are integrated; firstly, microorganisms are well protected against survival in a harsh concrete internal environment; and secondly, when the crack triggers the carrier to crack, carbonate radicals can be slowly released to compensate the deficiency of carbonate radical formation capability induced by microorganisms in cracks, and meanwhile, the active components in the carrier can be subjected to a pozzolanic reaction with calcium hydroxide dissolved out of the cracks to form C-S-H gel with a gelling effect, so that the self-repairing effect of the cracks is improved through theinterlacing effect of multiple repairing products, and good anti-permeability and mechanical property recovery are achieved.

A curing agent component is described for an at least two-component mortar composition for the chemical fastening technique, containing at least one free radical-forming agent as curing agent for an organic resin component, water and at least one water-soluble, ethylenically unsaturated polyethylene glycol derivative, which can be copolymerized with the organic resin component and has a solubility in water at 25° C. of at least 10 g in 100 gram of water and has the structure given by the general formula I:R2-A-O-R1 (I)in which R1 represents a group having the formula CH2=CH-CH2-, CH2=CH-CO-O- or CH2=C(CH3)-CO-O-, R2 represents hydrogen, an alkyl group with 1 to 6 carbon atoms, a sulfonate group or a group having the formula CH2=CH-CH2-, CH2=CH-CO-O- or CH2=C(CH3)-CO-O-, and A represents a linear or branched, homopolymeric or copolymeric, optionally substituted polyoxyalkylene group. Furthermore, methods are described for producing and using the curing agent component in a two-component or multi-component mortar composition for fastening construction elements in a solid substrate.

It is an object of the present invention to provide a rotation type silicon wafer cleaning device to further raise the stability of a silicon wafer by providing a better hydrogen termination on the silicon wafer after completion of chemical and pure water cleaning treatments.According to the present invention, a rotation type silicon wafer cleaning device has a silicon wafer support / rotation driving mechanism inside the case body for cleaning the silicon wafer at the post chemical cleaning with pure water, drying and hydrogen termination treatments on the outer surface of a silicon wafer is performed by means of installing a silicon wafer drying device comprising a gas supply panel attached to a case body to supply a mixed gas of the hydrogen gas and inactive gas containing a hydrogen gas of more than 0.05%, a mixed gas supply pipe coupled to a gas mixer of the afore-mentioned gas supply panel at one end, a mixed gas heating device to heat the mixed gas in the afore-mentioned gas supply pipe, and a hydrogen radical formation apparatus equipped with a platinum coating film to form hydrogen radical at the gas contacting part where to a high temperature gas heated with the afore-mentioned mixed gas heating device touches, thus to gush out the mixed gas containing hydrogen radical formed with the afore-mentioned radical formation apparatus onto the rotating silicon wafer after cleaning is completed.

The invention relates to a nano selenium and germanium rich negative ion safe anti-cancer cigarette for eliminating the toxic hazard of cigarette smoke, belonging to the technical field of modern cigarette production. The cigarette can generate more than 4000 substances when in burning, wherein more than 40 substances have remarkable carcinogenicity, benzo(a)pyrene in tar is a carcinogen with strongest carcinogenic activity, at least 100,000 radicals can be generated when the cigarette is taken by a puff and are most hidden and offensive enemy to human beings and alkaloid generated by nicotine has a huge toxic hazard on a smoker; and in the cigarette, selenium can prevent hyperoxide and radicals from forming, the selenium and germanium are cooperatively applied to increasing the capacities of cancer prevention and heavy metal antagonism, medical stone strongly absorbs harmful substances in the smoke, tourmaline TiO2, TiO2 and Al2O3 can neutralize the tar, the nicotine and smog particles in the smoke for absorbing and purifying air to ensure that people is prevented from being hurt by the cigarette smoke, and complementary elements enhance the immunity for making the people healthy.

Provided is a method of evaluation of antioxidation level through determination of in-vivo redox balance. The redox balance is represented by a formula: redox balance=(antioxidation index after administration / oxidation index after administration) / (antioxidation index before administration / oxidation index before administration). The antioxidation index is obtained by indexing the antioxidation level that is obtained through quantitative determination of the signal intensity attenuation with serum addition thereto of the DMPO-OOL radical formed through trapping of a butylhydroperoxide radical by 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-N-oxide (DMPO) by the use of a magnetic spin resonator followed by analysis of the data for 10-grade frequency distribution of from 1 to 10, and the oxidation index is obtained by indexing the oxidation level that is obtained through quantitative determination of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) in urine followed by analysis of the data for 10-grade frequency distribution of from 1 to 10.

The invention discloses an application of glycosyl modified polyphenol compounds as drugs for relieving paraquat poisoning and treating pulmonary fibrosis. The glycosyl modified polyphenol compounds have the structure shown in the description. The glycosyl modified polyphenol compounds have a good oxidation resistance function and a lung protection function and have a notable protection function on lung injury caused by paraquat, and a mechanism is related with reduction of formation of oxygen radicals, relieving of oxidative stress and inflammatory reaction, increase of content of GSH in blood serum and SOD in lung tissue and reduction of content of MDA and HYP in lung tissue. The glycosyl modified polyphenol compounds can effectively inhibit bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis of mice,and the mechanism is related with reduction of expression of TGF-beta 1, IL-6, alpha-SMA, P-smad2, type I collagen and type III collagen in lung tissue, increase of content of GSH and SOD in blood serum and reduction of the content of HYP in lung tissue.

Epoxy resins are chemically attached to carbon nanotubes (CNTs), in a one-step process in which a reaction mixture comprising the epoxy polymer, the CNTs and a bridging agent which is a chemical compound capable of forming living polymers, e.g. styrene or MMA is formed and radical formation is initiated in the reaction mixture; the epoxy polymer or monomer grafts onto the CNTs through the intermediary block of the bridging agent.