63 results about "Good reduction" patented technology

The invention provides a method and a device for reducing and baking for high-valent manganese minerals. The method comprises the following steps: (1) combusting combustible gas and air in a hot blast furnace through a nozzle, controlling coefficient of excess air to ensure that the gas of the hot blast furnace is required reduction atmosphere and temperature, and introducing a fluidized roaster; (2) finely grinding manganese minerals, feeding the manganese minerals into a suspension preheat assembly for sufficient heat exchange in several times, separating gas and mineral powder granules, and feeding the granules into the fluidized roaster for a reduction reaction; and (3) controlling the CO content and solid-gas ratio in the fluidized roaster; reducing manganese mineral powder in the fluidized roaster into acidsoluble manganous oxide, and discharging the manganous oxide from a solid material outlet of a cyclone preheater in the last stage. The device comprises a feed assembly, the suspension preheat assembly, the fluidized roaster, a dust-removal exhaust assembly, a gas feed assembly and a combustion assembly. The method and the device have the advantages of simple and compact structure, low cost, simple and convenient operation, good reduction effect, low energy consumption and the like.

The invention discloses a method for reducing graphene oxide, belong to the technical field of graphene and aiming at solving the problems of high toxicity, high pollution, high energy consumption, long period and poor reduction effect existing in the methods for reducing graphene oxide in the prior art. The method for reducing graphene oxide comprises the following steps: (1) adding an organic solvent capable of dissolving halogen element in an aqueous dispersion of 0.1-5mg / mL graphene oxide for ultrasonic dispersion; (2) undergoing reflux reaction for 1-4 hours under 60-100 DEG C by adding halogen acid; and (3) undergoing hot filtration, washing, drying to obtain reduced graphene. The method is simple, has short period and good reduction effect (C / O reaches 19.7-21.9), easily achieves the continuous industrial production of reducing graphene oxide, and is a low-energy-consumption, low-pollution and environment-friendly method for reducing graphene oxide.

This invention discloses a method for preparing hot briquettes from iron concentrate and coal powder. The method comprises: pre-heating coal powder, iron concentrate and quicklime powder, mixing, hot-pressing by a double-roller press, and performing post-treatment at 550-600 deg.C for 20-30 min. The hot briquettes can be used as the raw material for iron smelting in blast furnace, and have such advantages as excellent high-temperature strength, good reduction capacity, good melt-dripping property, and low energy consumption. The method can improve the raw material suitability of iron industry.

The invention belongs to the technical field of flue gas desulfurization of the petroleum refining industry and discloses a high-efficiency catalytic cracking flue gas sulfur-transfer agent which has the good reduction ability at the low temperature and a preparation process thereof. A mechanical dispersing grinding high-specific-surface-area magnesia-alumina source and other element compounds are used, and the high-dispersion and high-sphericity-degree low-temperature reduced catalytic cracking flue gas sulfur-transfer agent is obtained through a method comprising the steps of forming, screening, roasting and hydration. According to the agent and the process, raw materials which are small in particle and large in specific surface area are preferred, and the produced catalytic cracking flue gas sulfur-transfer agent is uniform in particle and good in metal ion dispersion, so that sulfur oxides can be attached to the surface of the sulfur-transfer agent in a good mode, sulfate can be reduced at the low temperature (below 500 DEG C), the sulfur absorption of the sulfur-transfer agent is good in Sox adsorption capacity and oxidative sulfur absorption rate, the reduction performance is good, the agent and the process are applicable to catalytic cracking devices having requirements for the reduction temperature, the reduction temperature is reduced, and effects of energy conservation, emission reduction, low carbon and environmental protection are achieved.

The invention relates to a reduced graphene oxide / polyacrylonitrile composite fiber and a preparation method thereof. The method is that after graphene oxide is assembled onto the surfaces of amino group-containing polyacrylonitrile fibers by magnetic attraction and chemical bonding, reduction treatment is carried out, so that the reduced graphene oxide / polyacrylonitrile composite fiber is obtained. The average volume resistivity of the reduced graphene oxide / polyacrylonitrile composite fiber prepared by the method is less than or equal to 30 Omega.cm, reduced by 12 orders of magnitude in comparison with the average volume resistivity of the raw filament; moreover, the decrease rate of the breaking strength is less than or equal to 5 percent relative to the decrease rate of the breaking strength of the raw filament, the increase rate of the elongation at break is greater than or equal to 58 percent relative to the increase rate of the elongation at break of the raw filament, and afterdeionized water is utilized to wash the composite fiber for 10 to 20 times, the average volume resistivity of the fiber is less than or equal to 33 Omega.cm. The method disclosed by the invention hasthe advantages of reducing agent selection diversity, good reduction effect, low production cost and the like, the produced fiber has good conductivity and durability, and furthermore, the inherent excellent mechanical property of the fiber is kept.

The invention discloses a complex discharge printing disperse dye. The comprised components and their weight proportion are as follows: dye monomer (1) 1- 25%, shown in formula (I); dye monomer (2) 5- 40%, shown in formula (II); dye monomer (3) 1- 15%, shown in formula (III); dye monomer (4) 0- 10%, shown in formula (IV); and the left are adjuvant. The discharge printing disperse dye is especially suitable for printing and dyeing for terylene, artificial silk fabric, chamois flannel and corduroy. It is characterized by good reduction discharge, good printing effect of bright color, fine pattern and clear shape, possibility for printing in part area and light printing on dark cloth. The repeatability is good and thermal- resistant mobility is small.

The invention discloses a preparation method of a water-soluble chitosan-based aggregation-induced emission fluorescent probe with reduction responsiveness, mainly comprising the following steps: modifying chitosan molecules by adopting a hydrochloric acid / methanol mixed solvent system and an EDC / NHS catalytic system, so as to obtain disulfide bond connected carboxylation chitosan CS-ss-COOH; marking tetraphenyl ethylene (TPE) fluorescent molecule to a CS-ss-COOH chain to obtain TPE-CS-ss-COOH with aggregation-induced emission (AIE) characteristic. The fluorescent probe prepared according to the invention not only has good reduction responsiveness and water solubility, but also has aggregation-induced emission characteristic, and compared with conventional fluorescent probes, has the advantages of being high in sensitivity, good in photostability, free from quenching at high concentration, no drifting of fluorescence spectrum, and the like, can also realize further enhancement of the fluorescence intensity in a glutathione solution, is good in imaging effect, and is expected to be applied to the fields of tumor cell specificity tracking, cell metabolism detection, drug metabolism detection, environment monitoring and the like.

The invention relates to the technical field of graphene nano-sheets, and discloses a method for preparing a graphene nano-sheet based on crystalline flake graphite. According to the preparation method, crystalline flake graphite serving as a raw material is oxidized by adopting low temperature, medium temperature and high temperature three stages, so that the side reaction in the graphite oxidizing process can be effectively controlled, and the graphite oxidizability can be improved; the graphite oxide is pre-stripped at a low temperature, which has lower cost in comparison with that for high-temperature stripping at about 1000 DEG C, and is applicable to industrial application. The ball mill method assisted with discharge plasma is adopted, the preparation method is simple in process andcan be produced in a large scale, has relatively small damage to graphite lamella, few-layer graphene nano-sheet with relatively good crystallinity can be easily obtained, and a good reduction effectcan be achieved for graphite by adding a solid-state ball mill medium, and the prepared graphene nano-sheet has high quality and a multi-fold translucent yarn structure.

The invention discloses a method for reduction of graphene oxide by metal / tea polyphenol as a reducing agent. The method comprises the steps of: preparing graphite oxide by a Hummers method, placing the graphite oxide in water and dispersing a graphite oxide film and water uniformly by ultrasonic dispersion so as to obtain a dark brown graphene oxide dispersion solution; using tea polyphenol and metal as the reducing agent, and the reducing agent into the graphene oxide dispersion solution to undergo reduction reaction so as to obtain a stable graphene dispersion solution, and subjecting the product to centrifugal washing and drying, thus obtaining graphene. According to the invention, the reducing agent is green and pollution-free and has wide sources, and the preparation process is simple, safe and fast, and has a good reduction effect on graphene oxide. The prepared graphene has good electrical conductivity, is easy to popularize and use, and has wide application prospect.

The invention relates to a femoral fracture traction apparatus with good reduction fixing effect and belongs to the technical field of orthopedic surgical instruments. The femoral fracture traction apparatus is used for traction of femurs in surgeries to recover, adjust and maintain lengths of the femurs effectively. According to the technical scheme, the femoral fracture traction apparatus is composed of a near-end fixing screw, a connecting rod, a traction bow and a fixing needle, wherein a connecting end of the near-end fixing screw is connected with one end of the connecting rod, a rotating structure for adjusting lengths is arranged in the middle of the connecting rod, the other end of the connecting rod is connected with the traction bow, and the traction bow is connected with the fixing needle. According to the femoral fracture traction apparatus, the near-end fixing screw is fixed at the near end of a femur, the fixing needle and the traction bow are fixed at the far end of the femur, the connecting rod is connected in the middle, the distance between the near end and the far end of the femur is adjusted through rotation of the connecting rod so as to reduce shortened fracture, and the length of the femur is maintained and controlled effectively. As a high-effectiveness device in clinical surgeries, the femoral fracture traction apparatus is simple in structure, convenient to use and capable of generating tremendous reduction power and solves the problem of reduction difficulty in femoral fracture surgeries.

The invention provides a viscosity reduction type active macromonomer. The invention further provides a viscosity reduction type polycarboxylic acid water reducer. According to the viscosity reductiontype polycarboxylic acid water reducer provided by the invention, all ingredients and all functional groups are in mutual synergism; compared with viscosity reduction type polycarboxylic acid water reducers synthesized in the prior art, the viscosity reduction type polycarboxylic acid water reducer has the advantages that the viscosity reduction effect is superior, and the water reducing rate isnot affected; meanwhile, a large number of hydrophobic alkyl groups and ester groups are introduced into a PEG lateral chain, so that the HLB value is lowered, the surfactivity effect is enhanced, andthe viscosity reduction type polycarboxylic acid water reducer has a good reduction effect; and concrete doped with the product provided by the invention is low in shrinkage and does not crack. The viscosity-reduction hydrophobic functional groups are located on the lateral chain, the viscosity reduction effect of the water reducer can be regulated through the content of the viscosity-reduction functional groups, however, the content of dispersion groups is not affected, the dispersion effect on cement particles is not affected, and the dispersion and water reduction effects of the water reducer are not affected.

The invention relates to a method for efficiently reducing and removing pollutants based on boronized zero-valent iron. Boronized zero-valent iron is added into the pollutant solution for pollutant removal; wherein the boronized zero-valent iron is zero-valent iron of which part of hydroxyl groups on the surface of the zero-valent iron are substituted by -OB(OH)2 groups. The method for efficientlyreducing and removing pollutants based on boronized zero-valent iron provided by the invention has relatively good reduction and removal capability on different heavy metal ions, organic pollutants and the like. The method for preparing the borated zero-valent iron by the borated modified zero-valent iron ball milling method is simple and easy to operate.

The invention provides a method of microwave heating, solid-state reduction and gasification dephosphorization for manganese ore powder. The invention adopts a novel method of microwave heating, solid-state reduction and gasification dephosphorization against the characteristic of the manganese ore powder with high content of phosphorus. The method uses the manganese ore powder as a raw material, coal powder as reducing agent, and nitrogen as reduction and dephosphorization protecting gas to perform solid reduction and gasification dephosphorization in a reduction dephosphorization crucible, through raw material selecting, thinning, mixing, stirring and distributing, in an airtight microwave reduction dephosphorization furnace, in the nitrogen atmosphere, at a high temperature of 1390 DEG C, for 20 minutes to preserve heat and keep stand at constant temperature, so that the manganese ore powder can react with the coal powder and lime powder to prepare sponge ferromanganese powder; and manganese powder can be separated from phosphorus and hazardous substances via cooling, fine grinding and dry magnetic separation purifying. The yield of the sponge ferromanganese can reach 95 percent, the dephosphorization rate can reach 60 to 70 percent, and the phosphorus-containing rate is less than or equal to 0.15 percent. The manganese ore powder has the advantages of good reduction effect, high dephosphorization rate, short process flow and no environmental protection, and can be reused after phosphorus is collected.

The invention discloses an auxiliary reduction apparatus for closed reduction of femoral shaft fracture of children and belongs to the technical field of orthopedic medical treatment instruments, aiming to realize closed reduction of femoral shaft fracture of children. The technical scheme includes that a proximal clamp holder and a distal clamp holder reslectively sleeve a proximal connecting rodand a distal connecting rod through lock bolts; a Kirschner wire is fixedly connected with the proximal end of the femoral fracture through the proximal clamp holder; a half-thread wire is fixedly connected with the distal femoral condyle through the distal clamp holder; a horizontal rotating shaft is connected to the far end of the proximal connecting rod and is connected with a universal shaft;the universal shaft is connected with the distal connecting rod; an axial stretching reduction device is mounted at the tail end of the distal connecting rod, and a radial pressurizing reduction device is mounted on the distal connecting rod. The auxiliary reduction apparatus has the advantages of simple structure, convenience in use, good reduction effect, high convenience in fluoroscopy duringoperation, creates condition for driving of titanium elastic intrameduary nail for treatment of femoral shaft fracture of children, avoids the fracture broken end surgical reduction operation, and accordingly reduces surgical wounds.

The invention relates to graphene and a preparation method thereof. The preparation method comprises the following sequential steps: first intercalation treatment of flake graphite; first microwave pretreatment; first mechanical refining; second intercalation treatment; second microwave pretreatment; second mechanical refining; high-frequency ultrasonic oxidation; microwave low-temperature reduction. A novel, cheap and non-toxic Fe-series oxidizing agent is taken as the oxidizing agent, so that the graphene preparation process is fast, the layering effect is good, the layering speed is high, layering spacing is large, and prepared graphene contains sufficient oxygen-containing functional groups and is low in cost, pollution-free and applicable to large-scale industrial preparation; prepared graphene has good reduction effect and dispersion effect.

The invention discloses a water permeable brick prepared from construction waste and a preparation method of the water permeable brick, and belongs to the technical field of building materials. According to the water permeable brick, the construction waste serves as an aggregate, and kaolin, fly ash, water reducing agents and water are added, wherein the construction waste aggregate mainly comprises waste concrete, waste tiles, waste stone, ceramsite, waste gypsum and waste glass. The water permeable brick has the advantages that the problem of resource waste is solved, and resources are recycled; the air permeable brick with high water permeability, high strength and good sound absorption effect is obtained through reasonable material selection and raw material grading, and has a good reduction effect on noise pollution caused by urban pavement construction, especially noise pollution caused by vehicles on the road to surrounding houses; due to the good absorbing effect on low frequency noise, the water permeable brick can be also applied to pavement laying for tunnel lights to reduce tunnel noise pollution. The preparation process of the water permeable brick is simple, and production and manufacture are facilitated.

The invention discloses a preparation method of a metal carbon material capable of absorbing and reducing refractory pollutants, which comprises the steps of: uniformly mixing metal micro powder containing Fe powder, a carbonic material and a binder in proportion and drying, then extruding on an extruding machine for molding, carrying out carbonization and activating treatments in a muffle, and naturally cooling to a room temperature to prepare the metal carbon material capable of absorbing and reducing the refractory pollutants. The metal carbon material prepared by the method is mainly applicable to the treatment of refractory halogenated pollutants in sewage, has the reduction and dechlorination effects on the refractory pollutants over 4 times better than that of simple metal micro powder mixture containing the Fe powder in the same proportion and weight under the same treatment conditions, has the advantages of large specific surface area, good reduction activity and low preparation and treatment cost, and in addition, is not easy to harden and passivate, thereby prolonging the service life.

The invention discloses a technology for reducing residual stress of a complex aviation die forging through adopting a local die pressing method. According to the technology, a load is applied to a forging (4) by adopting a die structure consisting of an upper die (1) and a lower die (5) at normal temperature, wherein the upper die (1) and the lower die (5) are used for carrying out die pressing on the quenching residual stress concentration area where a rib plate and a web plate of the forging (4) are crossed, and the die pressing is not applied to the upper half part of the rib plate of the forging (4), so that the forging (4) can be smoothly demoulded after a die pressing cold deformation technology. The die and an insert are combined to form a locally cold-deformed force-applying profile; and the locally die-pressed stress profile is formed on the surface of the forging. The technology for reducing residual stress of the complex aviation die forging through adopting the local die pressing method is applicable to reducing the quenching residual stress of complex aviation high-strength structure type parts, and has a good reduction effect and low requirement on the equipment load capacity, and is easy to demould.

The invention provides a comprehensive processing method and a processing system of household garbage reutilization. The processing method comprises the steps of sorting and crushing household garbage, so as to obtain kitchen garbage and combustible garbage; performing anaerobic fermentation on the kitchen garbage, so as to obtain methane and residues; performing dry distillation pyrolysis on the combustible garbage, so as to obtain smoke, pyrolytic oil gas and residual solids. By adopting the comprehensive processing method of the household garbage reutilization, the household garbage is divided into the kitchen garbage and the combustible garbage which are specifically processed respectively, so that the effects of innocent treatment of the garbage, no secondary pollution, no dioxin, good reduction, high reutilization level and good economic benefits of products are fully achieved.

The invention relates to a novel in-situ remediation agent MOC for Cr(VI) contaminated groundwater and a preparation method of the remediation agent MOC, and belongs to the technical field of contaminated groundwater bioremediation. The remediation agent MOC is mainly composed of a fast-starting agent, an organic carbon source (which contains a fast release substrate and a slow release substrate)and a chemical stabilizer, wherein the fast-starting agent is ascorbic acid, the organic carbon source is industrial syrup (the fast release substrate) and emulsified vegetable oil (the slow release substrate), and the chemical stabilizer is NaHCO3. When the MOC remediation agent is actually applied, the MOC remediation agent is poured into a contaminated area to form an in-situ biological reaction zone, Cr(VI) with high toxicity and better migration performance is reduced into Cr(III) with low toxicity and poor migration performance under the action of related bacteria such as Cr(VI) reducingbacteria and dissimilatory iron reducing bacteria, and the Cr(III) easily forms a precipitate with good stability to be immobilized on a medium. The remediation agent MOC provided by the invention has the advantages of a good reduction effect, high stability, simple operation and a wide adaptive range, and can still play a role in the groundwater with a water temperature of 10 DEG C or a pH of 4-10.

The invention belongs to the field of nano composites and discloses a linear block copolymer. The structure of the linear block copolymer is shown in the specification, wherein x is larger than or equal to 20 and smaller than or equal to 30, y is larger than or equal to 30 and smaller than or equal to 70, and R is CH3 or CH2CH2OH. The invention further discloses a preparation method of the linear block copolymer, and a dendritic nano-silver composite obtained through self-assembly of the linear block copolymer. The dendritic nano-silver composite has the large specific area and high electrocatalytic activity and has good reduction catalysis capacity to H2O2 and other unstable substances, and therefore the dendritic nano-silver composite can be used as a sensor for detection and analysis of relevant substances.

The invention discloses a wheel using three-dimensional quasi photonic crystals to reduce vibration and noise. The wheel comprises a hub, a rim and a wheel disk connected between the hub and the rim,wherein multiple three-dimensional quasi photonic crystals are mounted on the wheel disk; the three-dimensional quasi photonic crystals are spliced by at least two photonic crystal units. The wheel has the advantages that for the vibration above 1000Hz, the three-dimensional quasi photonic crystals at the wheel disk have the features of an elastic wave forbidding band and can effectively inhibit the vibration of the wheel disk, and accordingly radiation noise can be controlled; accordingly, the wheel has a good reduction effect on the medium- and high-frequency vibration and noise above 1000Hz.

The invention discloses a preparation method of a graphene transparent conductive film. The preparation method comprises the following steps: 1, preparation of graphite oxide; 2, preparation of graphene oxide; 3, preparation of graphene; 4, hydrophilic treatment of glass; 5, preparation of a graphene film. Graphene obtained by reduction in two steps has good reduction effects, the reduced graphene oxide is dispersed by N,N-dimethylformamide and then spin-coated to obtain the graphene transparent conductive film. When the light transmittance of the transparent conductive film is 70%, the conductivity reaches 92 S / cm. The preparation method has the main advantages that the raw materials have high utilization rate and low cost, the preparation method is simple and the film has controllable thickness and good conductivity.

The invention relates to a photo-induced color luminescent powder, which consists of an inner core of a rare earth fluorescent compound and a wrapping layer; the photo-induced color luminescent powder is characterized in that the inner core of the rare earth fluorescent compound is a rare earth luminescent powder emitting white light; the wrapping layer is a color film coating agent containing a colorant; and the rare earth luminescent powder emitting the white light and the color film coating agent are mixed according to the weight ratio of between 1 to 0.9 and 1 to 1.2. As the rare earth fluorescent compound is prepared into the rare earth luminescent powder emitting the white light which does not have main guiding action on the photo-induced color luminescent powder and is only used as a light source of the photo-induced color luminescent powder, the rare earth fluorescent compound is prepared into the white light relatively easily; as the wrapping layer adopts an inorganic material to be toned through an organic toner, the operation is simple; even if deviation occurs, the adjustment is relatively convenient; the processing process in the later stage suffers small interference by other factors; and a final product has good reduction.

The invention relates to a catalytic process for reducing nitrogen oxides in flue gases, in which process a reducing agent containing composition is mixed with flue gas and the mixture achieved is brought into contact with a catalyst. In accordance with the invention, the composition contains e.g. 1 to 60% of weight of ammonium formate. Especially a low freezing point can be achieved with such water containing composition. In addition, a good reduction conversion is achieved even at low temperatures.

The invention relates to a method for reducing sulfur trioxide to sulfur dioxide in a colored smelting flue gas. The method takes fusion sulphur or elemental sulfur as a reducing agent, the fusion sulphur or the elemental sulfur is pressurized and sprayed into a reaction tower, so that atomized sulfur liquid drops come into full contact and reaction with the sulfur trioxide in the flue gas, and the sulfur trioxide is thoroughly reduced into the sulfur dioxide. The method can avoid the formation of plenty of acidic wastewater caused by dissolution of the sulfur trioxide in the flue gas washingprocess, and the yield of sulfuric acid is improved. The sulphur reducing agent has good reduction selectivity, high utilization rate and low cost and has the advantages of simple process, no specialdevice requirement and high economic and environmental protection benefits and the like, and industrial application prospects are good.

The invention discloses a method for reducing graphene oxide, belong to the technical field of graphene and aiming at solving the problems of high toxicity, high pollution, high energy consumption, long period and poor reduction effect existing in the methods for reducing graphene oxide in the prior art. The method for reducing graphene oxide comprises the following steps: (1) adding an organic solvent capable of dissolving halogen element in an aqueous dispersion of 0.1-5mg / mL graphene oxide for ultrasonic dispersion; (2) undergoing reflux reaction for 1-4 hours under 60-100 DEG C by adding halogen acid; and (3) undergoing hot filtration, washing, drying to obtain reduced graphene. The method is simple, has short period and good reduction effect (C / O reaches 19.7-21.9), easily achieves the continuous industrial production of reducing graphene oxide, and is a low-energy-consumption, low-pollution and environment-friendly method for reducing graphene oxide.

The invention discloses a modular environment noise reduction system. The modular environment noise reduction system is characterized in that the modular environment noise reduction system is a noisereduction system composed of a main control circuit module, a pickup and speakers, noises collected by the pickup undergo signal processing by the main control module, and an output control signal isoutput in sound waves, having the inverse phase and the same amplitude with a noise signal of an environment, through the speakers, and is superposed with the noise signal of the environment to achieve the purpose of reducing the environmental noises. Compared with noise reduction systems in the prior art, the modular environment noise reduction system in the invention has the advantages of no blind noise reduction angles, great improvement of the noise influences of residence communities and hotel rooms near roads and busy streets, good reduction of disturbing noises of pump houses of the communities, transformer stations and other public places, simple structure, convenience in use, and good noise reduction effect.

The invention relates to the field of sewage treatment, in particular to a sludge dehydrating agent and a dehydrating method thereof. The sludge dehydrating agent comprises a first group of matter and a second group of matter, the first group of matter comprises methacrylamide, acryloyloxyethyl trimethyl ammonium chloride, 2-acrylamide-2-methyl propane sulphonic acid, dimethylformamide and an initiator. The second group of matter comprises plant ash, quick lime, coal ash and zinc oxide. The dehydrating method comprises the steps that the water content of sludge is regulated, the first group of matter and the second group of matter are added in sequence, even stirring is carried out, pH of the sludge is adjusted to be neutral, and filter pressing is carried out for dehydration. According to the sludge dehydrating agent, the flocculating performance of the sludge is enhanced through the first group of high polymer materials, a supplementing function is achieved through the second group of inorganic matter, a chemical reaction is performed to enable a large amount of free water to be converted into constitution water, the sludge is promoted to be thickened to form gel, a good reduction effect is achieved, no acidic corrosion matter is introduced, and subsequent treatment processes are reduced.