69 results about "Compositional variation" patented technology

A device for measuring fluid flow rates over a wide range of flow rates (<1 nL / min to >10 μL / min) and at pressures at least as great as 2,000 psi. The invention is particularly adapted for use in microfluidic systems. The device operates by producing compositional variations in the fluid, or pulses, that are subsequently detected downstream from the point of creation to derive a flow rate. Each pulse, comprising a small fluid volume, whose composition is different from the mean composition of the fluid, can be created by electrochemical means, such as by electrolysis of a solvent, electrolysis of a dissolved species, or electrodialysis of a dissolved ionic species. Measurements of the conductivity of the fluid can be used to detect the arrival time of the pulses, from which the fluid flow rate can be determined. A pair of spaced apart electrodes can be used to produce the electrochemical pulse. In those instances where it is desired to measure a wide range of fluid flow rates a three electrode configuration in which the electrodes are spaced at unequal distances has been found to be desirable.

A method of measuring the thickness or the rate of change of thickness of a layer as the layer is being formed on a substrate, includes illuminating the layer through the substrate with low coherence light that transmits through the layer; collecting a portion of the reflected light from each optical interface of the substrate and layer with a low coherence interferometer; and, calculating the thickness or the rate of change of thickness of the layer according to the obtained interferometric data.

A method is disclosed for analyzing composition of a body part from nuclear magnetic resonance measurements made on the body part. The method includes exciting a predetermined sequence of nuclear magnetic resonance phenomena in the body part and measuring nuclear magnetic resonance signals from the body part. At least a part of the measured signals are composed into a measurement vector. The mass of the at least one constituent is determined as a predetermined function of the measurement vector. The predetermined function represents the at least one constituent and defines a standard for a range of at least one of compositional variations and temperature variations of the at least one constituent.

A method and system for estimating native hydrocarbons from oil-based drilling muds with the aid of NMR data. Adaptive echo stacking may be used to balance between precision and sensitivity to changes in the fluid composition. Apparent T2 decay time and effective diffusion constants derived from the NMR data may be transformed into an indication of native hydrocarbon type, using known diffusion constants, fuzzy logic, and neural networks.

A method of measuring the thickness or the rate of change of thickness of a layer as the layer is being formed on a substrate, includes illuminating the layer through the substrate with low coherence light that transmits through the layer; collecting a portion of the reflected light from each optical interface of the substrate and layer with a low coherence interferometer; and, calculating the thickness or the rate of change of thickness of the layer according to the obtained interferometric data.

The invention discloses a dual-gradient composite coating. A coating which is arranged on the surface of a basal body comprises a plurality of sub-coatings, which forms a shock wave moving gradient. The shock wave moving gradient is compounded by two simultaneously existing gradients--a composition gradient and a composition wave centre-value gradient. Every sub-coating consists of two composition gradients with opposite composition changing trends. The composition changing trends of adjacent sub-coatings are similar. From the basal body to the surface, the composition medium value which forms gradient composition in adjacent sub-coatings also changes in gradient, namely the composition wave centre-value gradient. The combined effect of multiple coatings and the designing ability of gradient coating are used, and the dual-gradient coating is arranged on the surface of metal, inorganic non-metallic, polymer and composite material and other solid materials. Compared with the ordinary gradient coating, the present invention has the advantage of smaller thermal stress, better thermal stability high thermal shock resistant ability, no significant macro cracks and good connection performance with the basal body.

Measurement of the extinction coefficient k is employed for effective and prompt in-line monitoring and / or controlling of the metal film composition. The dependency of the extinction coefficient on the composition of a metal compound is characterized by measuring the extinction coefficients of a series of the metal compound with different compositions. A monitor metal film is then deposited on a wafer. The extinction coefficient k of the film on the wafer is measured and a film compositional parameter is extracted. The wafer processing may continue if k is in specification or the needed compositional change in the film may be extracted from the measured value of the k and the established dependence of k on the composition of the film for out-of-spec k values.

A method for determining reservoir architecture using modeling of a non-equilibrium distribution of at least one analyte in reservoir fluids. The analyte(s) of the analysis preferably has (have) significant compositional variation in the reservoir. For example, the analyte can be a later charging single gas component (such as methane, carbon dioxide, or hydrogen sulfide) in a multi-component fluid system. In this case, the model can assume that the components of the early charge are in a stationary state or in equilibrium, whereas the later charge is in a state of non-equilibrium. The non-equilibrium distribution of the analyte(s) derived from the model is compared to the distribution of the analyte(s) derived from downhole or laboratory fluid analysis of reservoir fluid, and the architecture of the reservoir is determined based upon such comparison.

The invention belongs to the field of film coating device development and particularly relate to a device for preparing a SiCxOy thin film through high-flux CVD. According to the device for preparing the SiCxOy thin film through high-flux CVD, a CVD deposition reaction chamber structure is designed on the basis of a high-flux CVD film coating technology, through different reaction precursor gases (SiH4, C2H4 and O2), N2 serves as a carrier gas, flow direction distribution of the gases in a reaction chamber is controlled, and gradient change of the concentration proportion of reaction precursors is formed, so that a SiCxOy thin film combined material with material component changing is formed on underlayer substrate.

Methods and apparatuses are disclosed that can introduce deliberate semiconductor film variation during semiconductor manufacturing to compensate for radial processing differences, to determine optimal device characteristics, or produce small production runs. The present invention radially varies the thickness and / or composition of a semiconductor film to compensate for a known radial variation in the semiconductor film that is caused by performing a subsequent semiconductor processing step on the semiconductor film. Additionally, methods and apparatuses are disclosed that can introduce deliberate semiconductor film variations to determine optimal device characteristics or produce small production runs. Introducing semiconductor film variations, such as thickness variations and / or composition variations, allow different devices to be made. A number of devices may be made having variations in semiconductor film. Because the semiconductor film has variations between the devices, device characteristics of the devices should be different. By measuring the device characteristics of devices having the variations, the device with the optimum device characteristic may be chosen, thereby indicating the appropriate semiconductor film thickness and / or composition. Moreover, small production runs of the same devices, having different characteristics, will allow the end user to select the appropriate devices for their needs.

Provided is a surface-coated cutting tool in which a hard coating layer has excellent hardness and toughness and exhibits chipping resistance and defect resistance over a long period of use. The surface-coated cutting tool comprises a (Ti1-xAlx)(CyN1-y) layer (wherein the average content ratio Xavg of Al and the average content ratio Yavg of C satisfy 0.60<=Xavg<=0.95 and 0<=Yavg<=0.005) that is formed by coating the surface of a tool base body. The crystal grains of this layer have a NaCl-type face-centered cubic structure and a [111] orientation. The average particle width W of each of the crystal grains having a NaCl-type face-centered cubic structure is 0.1-2.0 [Mu]m and said crystal grains have a columnar structure in which the average aspect ratio A is 2-10. In addition, periodic compositional variation of the Ti and the Al is present in the compositional formula (Ti1-xAlx)(CyN1-y) within each of the crystal grains having a NaCl-type face-centered cubic structure. The difference [Delta]x between the average of the maximum values and the average of the minimum values of x, which varies periodically, is 0.03-0.25.

The invention discloses a determination method of substances for improving the blood sugar level reduction effect of small red beans, and relates to a determination method of substances. The method comprises the following steps: (1) purifying protein and polysaccharide of small red beans which are not extruded: A. crushing, and screening; B. purifying protein; C. purifying crude polysaccharide; (2) purifying protein and a polysaccharide liquid of small red beans which are not extruded: A. crushing and screening; B. adding water and stirring; C. extruding; D. crushing and screening; E. purifying protein; F. purifying crude polysaccharide; (3) comparing inhibitory activity of protein and polysaccharide to alpha glycosidase before and after extrusion by utilizing a method for determining glycosidase consistence in vitro. By comparing the substance compositional variation before and after extrusion, the problem that the content of protein and polysaccharide which are extruded increase obviously can be found easily. The glycosidase inhibition ratio of extruded and un-extruded small red bean powder can be determined easily by utilizing the method for determining glycosidase consistence in vitro.