32results about How to "Suitable for industrial expansion of production" patented technology

The invention relates to a method for extracting multiple active nutrient contents from sea cucumber processing liquid. The method comprises the following steps: raw material collection, primary filtration, enzymolysis, rough filtration, ultrafiltration, concentration, secondary rough filtration, desalination, fermentation, centrifugation, secondary enzymolysis, secondary centrifugation, third rough filtration, secondary ultrafiltration, secondary concentration and spray drying. The invention further relates to application of the method in orally disintegrating tablets. Compared with the prior art, the method has the advantages that a prepared sea cucumber extract contains multiple nutrient contents, and the total content of sea cucumber polypeptide, small proteins, sea cucumber mucopolysaccharide and sea cucumber glycosides reaches 80%-90%; in the whole technological process, reaction conditions are mild, no organic solvent is used, nutrient contents are hardly damaged, and molecules of the extracted sea cucumber extract are relatively small; after the sea cucumber extract is fermented by using beneficial bacteria, the nutrient contents in the sea cucumber extract are easily absorbed by human bodies, and almost no peculiar smell exists; furthermore, the technological process is very suitable for the industrial expanded production.

The invention discloses a CdxZn1-xS / ZnS(x is more than or equal to 0.51 and less than or equal to 0.84) ternary core-shell quantum dot and a method for preparing the same. The method comprises the following steps of: preparing Cd-Zn mixed precursor solution with a specific molar ratio in a reactor in one step by using cadmium oxide or inorganic cadmium salt as a cadmium source and zinc oxide or inorganic zinc salt as a zinc source, and simultaneously dissolving S powder in two different types of solvents respectively to obtain S precursor solution A and S precursor solution B; and adding the S precursor solution A and the S precursor solution B into the Cd-Zn mixed precursor solution in sequence for reaction to obtain the CdxZn1-xS / ZnS ternary core-shell quantum dot. The method adopts a simple synthesis process and avoids a centrifugal purification step before the containment shell reaction and secondary adding operation of the zinc source. The CdxZn1-xS / ZnS ternary core-shell quantum dot, prepared by the method, has the advantages that: monodispersity and photochemical stability are high; the luminescence emission peak is adjustable in a range of 422 to 493 nanometers; the position of the luminescence emission peak does not obvious deviate compared with the position of the luminescence emission peak before the containment shell; the fluorescent stability and the quantum efficiency are obviously improved; and the yield of the fluorescent quantum reaches 60 to 80 percent.

The invention belongs to the technical field of membrane preparation, and particularly provides a MXene-based bismuth-based photocatalytic composite membrane which comprises an MXene nanosheet, bismuth-based photocatalytic nanoparticles and a porous support layer, wherein the bismuth-based photocatalytic nanoparticles grow on a single-layer MXene nanosheet in situ to form an MXene / bismuth-based photocatalytic nanoparticle composite material, and the MXene / bismuth-based photocatalytic nanoparticle composite material is prepared on the porous support layer; the membrane has good separation performance, and the pure water flux is increased by 2-23 times compared with that of a traditional polymer membrane on the premise that the rejection rate is kept; the membrane has excellent self-cleaningand anti-pollution performance, after the membrane performs a filtering experiment on dye molecules rhodamine B for 12 hours, the dye adsorbed on the membrane is degraded for 20 minutes by using simulated sunlight, and the water flux recovery rate of the membrane is as high as 97.6%; the preparation method of the MXene-based bismuth-based photocatalytic composite membrane is relatively simple, low in cost, time-saving and suitable for industrial expanded production.

The invention relates to a preparation method for a starch-based porous hard carbon negative electrode material of a lithium ion battery. The method comprises the following steps of firstly, obtaining porous starch through enzymatic hydrolysis of composite bio-enzyme; secondly, reserving a hole morphology of the starch through a pre-carbonization process; and finally, obtaining a porous structured negative electrode material of the lithium ion battery through a carbonization process. The starch-based porous hard carbon for the negative electrode material of the lithium ion battery, obtained through the preparation method, has the characteristics of favorable electrochemical performance, high cycle stability and excellent consistency in batch products, the whole process is suitable for industrial production, and meanwhile, the morphology reservation of the porous starch is promoted. The method has the advantages of simplicity in operation, environmental friendliness in production and easiness in mass production, and the product quality is easy to control.

Belonging to the technical field of nanofiltration membrane preparation and water treatment, the invention particularly relates to a phytic acid assembled polyamide composite nanofiltration membrane for efficient removal of metal ions in water and a preparation method thereof. A molecular layer-by-layer self-assembly method is adopted, through the electrostatic interaction with polyethylenimine molecules, a phytic acid monomer is introduced to the surface of a polyamide nanofiltration membrane so as to obtain the phytic acid assembled polyamide composite nanofiltration membrane. The inventionsolves the problem of low metal ion removal efficiency of the polyamide composite nanofiltration membrane in the prior art, and the prepared nanofiltration membrane has the advantages of high removalrate of metal ions in water, high separation speed, excellent cyclic regeneration performance, cheap and easily available raw materials, simple preparation process and no special requirements for equipment, and is suitable for large-scale industrial production.

The invention discloses a preparation method of a Mn-based rodlike microtopography composite oxide low-temperature denitrification catalyst, and belongs to the field of pollution control and techniques. The preparation method comprises the following steps of dissolving salt precursors of metal elements into distilled water to prepare a salt solution by taking MnOx as a catalyst and one or more of Ag, Cu, Fe, Ce and Co as additives, wherein NiOx is the important active component of the catalyst; and meanwhile, preparing a urea aqueous solution, mixing the salt solution and the urea aqueous solution uniformly, stirring and crystallizing at the reaction temperature of 50-120 DEG C for 4-12 hours, filtering, washing, drying, and forging and the like to prepare the Mn-based rodlike microtopography composite oxide low-temperature denitrification catalyst. The catalyst is applied to the selective catalytic reduction (NH3-SCR)NO by adopting NH3 as a reducing agent. The Mn-based rodlike microtopography composite oxide low-temperature denitrification catalyst has good low-temperature denitrification performance, is simple and convenient to prepare, is mild in condition, and has good application value in the denitrification field based on the NH3-SCR technique.

The invention provides a method for plating the surface of diamond with nickel. The method includes the following steps of firstly, sequentially conducting oil removal and water washing on diamond to obtain washed diamond; secondly, conducting vacuum sintering after the diamond washed in the first step makes contact with activating liquid to obtain activated diamond, wherein the activating liquid includes water-soluble nickel salt, reducing agent and complexing agent; thirdly, conducting chemical nickel plating on the diamond activated in the second step. The activating liquid including water-soluble nickel salt, reducing agent and complexing agent is adopted, and nickel salt is reduced into metal nickel and sintered on the surface of the diamond through a vacuum sintering mode. Through the catalytic activity of nickel, the original sensitizing procedure and the original activating procedure are combined into one activating procedure, the process is simplified, cost is reduced, the process quality of whole nickel plating can be stable, and the method is suitable for industrial expanded production.

The invention discloses a medium and a cultivating method for Tibetan mushroom rapid propagation. The medium is composed of 5 to 20 mL tomato juice, 5 to 20 mL carrot juice, 2 to 10 g bean powder and 60 to 90 mL milk. The cultivating method of the present invention comprises that: Tibetan mushrooms are washed 3 times with sterile water; residue water on the surface of the mushrooms is absorbed; 1to 5 g of the mushrooms are inoculated in the medium, and are cultivated at a temperature of 18 to 35 DEG C; and the medium is changed every 24 hours. With the method, the mushrooms are cultivated and propagated. The medium provided by the present invention has a wide scope of raw material source, low cost, and is convenient for storing and transporting. According to the medium and the cultivating method provided by the present invention, the cultivated Tibetan mushrooms have advantages of fast growing speed, short growing period, and high propagation rate. The medium and the cultivating method have advantages of simple technology and low cost, and are suitable for the industrial production of Tibetan mushrooms. With the cultivating method provided by the present invention, the market demanding of Tibetan mushrooms can be greatly satisfied, and the pressure of market demands can be alleviated.

The invention belongs to the field of organic synthesis and provides a preparation method for bromhexine hydrochloride. According to the invention, 2-aminobenzoic ester compounds are taken as raw materials and take part in bromination reaction, reduction reaction, condensation reaction and salt forming reaction, so as to acquire bromhexine hydrochloride. The preparation method has the advantages of short synthesis route, low cost, stable intermediate, no pollution to environment, high purity, high yield, reaching officinal standard and suitability for industrial expanded production.

The invention relates to a road marking coating suitable for a heavy traffic highway and a preparation method of the road marking coating. The coating comprises the following raw materials: modified petroleum resin, petroleum resin, EVA resin, polyamide resin, a filler, a pigment, a plasticizer, fibers, internally-mixed reflective glass beads and surface-scattered reflective glass beads, and a modifier of the modified petroleum resin comprises SBS and epoxy acrylate. SBS and epoxy acrylate are used as modifiers to graft and modify petroleum resin, SBS and epoxy acrylate branched chains on the petroleum resin penetrate through or are connected with SiO2 hollow microspheres through molecular thermal motion to form a firm three-dimensional network structure, on one hand, reflective glass microspheres can be locked, migration and precipitation under the action of external pressure can be reduced, and on the other hand, the wear resistance of the marking coating can be greatly improved, and the reduction of the reflective property caused by friction, precipitation, falling and the like is prevented. Meanwhile, the SiO2 hollow microspheres and the modified petroleum resin have the effect of synergistically improving the compressive strength of the coating.

The invention discloses a compound Yinhuang composition injection for fever relieving, pain easing and inflammation preventing of animals, and an application thereof, belongs to the field of veterinary drugs, and concretely relates to a medicinal composition containing honeysuckle flower extract (by chlorogenic acid), Radix Scutellariae extract (by baicalin) and metamizole sodium, and active components of the medicinal composition comprise, by weight, 1-10 parts of the honeysuckle flower extract (by chlorogenic acid), 1-100 parts of the Radix Scutellariae extract (by baicalin) and 10-1000 parts of the metamizole sodium. The dosage form of the medicinal composition can be any one of a solution type injection, a suspension type injection, an emulsion type injection and a sterile powder for injection. The compound Yinhuang composition injection has obvious synergistic effect and a remarkable treatment effect when used for the for fever relieving, pain easing and inflammation preventing ofanimals, and has the advantages of effective reduction of untoward effects of medicines, stable quality, high safety, simple preparation method, and suitableness for industrial production.

The invention discloses a compound macleaya cordata composition used for treating animal diarrheal diseases, and belongs to the field of veterinary drug. The compound macleaya cordata composition contains macleaya cordata total alkaloids extract and quinolone compounds, and contains following active components, by mass, 1 to 1000 parts of macleaya cordata total alkaloids extract, and 1 to 2000 parts of quinolone compounds. The compound macleaya cordata composition can be prepared into solid preparations including liquid preparations such as injections, syrup, and oral solution, tablets, dispersing tablets, sustained release tablets, capsules, particles, and powder, and semi-solid preparations such as ointment, paste, and gel. Obvious synergistic effects are achieved in treatment of animaldiarrheal diseases using the compound macleaya cordata composition, infection of diseases can be controlled effectively, curative effect is obvious, quality is stable, safety is high, the preparationmethod is simple, and the preparation method is suitable for industrialized production.

The invention discloses a preparation method of a latent heat transfer material of a phase-change paraffin emulsion, and belongs to the technical field of paraffin materials. The method comprises the steps of initiating first mixed powder in a crucible to carry out self-propagating reaction by using a magnesium rod, cooling and crystallizing aluminum oxide generated by reaction on the surface of the crucible, initiating second mixed powder to react, and generating a stannic oxide melt; decomposing bottom calcium carbonate by using generated molten iron and copper with relatively high density to generate carbon dioxide, spraying a stannic oxide melt generated by reaction into a stainless steel basin, and compounding spanoulis-80 and the like with polyaspartic acid to prepare a compound emulsifier; and finally mixing the compound emulsifier with deionized water and paraffin evenly, and quickly cooling through liquid nitrogen so as to prepare the latent heat transfer material of the phase-change paraffin emulsion. The heat conductivity coefficient of the emulsion is improved by using rod-like porous stannic oxide, the dispersing performance of the emulsion is improved through assist of the compound emulsifier, and the problems of a low heat conductivity coefficient and poor stability of a traditional latent heat transfer material are effectively solved.

The invention provides a clinically shapeable magnesium silicate / polyamino acid composite material and its application in preparing bone repair materials. The composite material is made of clinically shapeable polyamino acid and magnesium silicate as raw materials. obtained; the clinically sculptable polyamino acid is polymerized as a monomer by any 3 or 4 amino acids in 6-aminocaproic acid and 4-aminobutyric acid, proline, lysine, and glutamic acid owned. In the composite material of the present invention, the base material is a polyamino acid that can be molded by hot water, and its glass transition temperature is 44-55°C, which can be arbitrarily shaped at a relatively low temperature, which is beneficial to doctors during the operation according to the shape of the bone. The specific shape of the defect is manipulated. The composite material of the present invention has good biological activity, is beneficial to bone formation in vivo, and can effectively promote the proliferation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, and has good application prospects in the preparation of bone repair materials for repairing irregular bone defects and promoting regeneration of bone defects .

The invention discloses a culture medium and a culture method for rapid multiplication of Tibetan mushrooms. The culture medium is composed of 5-20 mL of tomato juice, 5-20 mL of carrot juice, 2-10 g of bean powder and 60-90 mL of milk. The cultivation method of the present invention is as follows: wash the thalline of the Tibetan mushroom with sterile water for 3 times, absorb the residual water on the surface of the thalline, then inoculate 1 to 5 g of the thalline into the above-mentioned culture medium, and cultivate it at 18 to 35° C. Replace the fresh medium every 24h for culture and proliferation. The source of raw material of the culture medium is wide, the cost is low, and the storage and transportation are convenient. Using the culture medium and the cultivation method of the present invention to proliferate Tibetan spirit mushrooms has the advantages of fast growth, short cycle, high multiplication rate, simple process, low cost, etc., and is suitable for industrialized expanded production of Tibetan spirit mushrooms. The Tibetan spirit mushroom thallus obtained by cultivating the method of the invention can satisfy the market demand for the Tibetan spirit mushroom to a greater extent, and alleviate the market demand pressure.

The invention belongs to the field of organic synthesis and provides a preparation method of bromhexine hydrochloride. The present invention uses 2-aminobenzoate compounds as raw materials to obtain bromhexine hydrochloride after bromination reaction, reduction reaction, condensation reaction and salt-forming reaction, the synthetic route is short, the cost is low, the intermediate is stable, and it is environmentally friendly Pollution, high purity, high yield, in line with pharmaceutical standards, suitable for industrial expansion of production.

The invention belongs to the medicine synthesis field, in particular to a method for chemically synthesizing a feed additive 2-carbaldehyde acylhydrazone-quinoxaline-1,4-dioxide (cyadox). The invention comprises the steps that: benzofuroxan used as a raw material and N,N-dimethylformamide used as a reaction medium react with Methylglyoxal 1,1-dimethyl acetal under the function of catalyst pyrrolidine to synthesize an intermediate, quinoxaline-1,4-dioxygen-2-formaldehyde dimethyl acetal; the intermediate is alcoholysized in methanol and concentrated hydrochloric acid and reacts with cyanazine to synthesize the final product 2-carbaldehyde acylhydrazone-quinoxaline-1,4-dioxide (cyadox). The invention has the advantages of moderate reaction conditions, cheap and easily obtained raw material,low-toxicity or non-toxicity of all reagents, relatively high yield of synthesized product, relatively good purity and being applicable to expanded production under industrialization conditions.

The invention discloses a preparation process for (1R,2S)-1-cyano-2-(3,4-difluoro-phenyl)cyclopropane. The preparation process comprises the following steps: 1) in the presence of (S)-(+)-1,1'-binaphthyl-2,2'-diyl hydrogenphosphate, performing a contact reaction on 3,4-difluorostyrene and hydrogen peroxide to obtain (2S)-2-(3,4-diflurophenyl)-ethylene oxide; 2) in the presence of alkali, making the (2S)-2-(3,4-diflurophenyl)-ethylene oxide react with diethyl cyanomethylphosphonate in 1,4-dioxane to obtain a target product. By adopting the preparation process, the use of chiral raw materials is avoided, and the reaction cost is lowered; moreover, the (1R,2S)-1-cyano-2-(3,4-difluoro-phenyl)cyclopropane is synthesized conveniently through the diethyl cyanomethylphosphonate, so that high overall yield and three-dimensional selectivity are achieved; furthermore, the method is easy and convenient to operate, and is suitable for industrial expandable production.

The invention relates to a biodegradable composite polymer electrolyte for lithium batteries and a preparation method thereof, belonging to the field of lithium ion battery electrolytes. The biodegradable composite polymer electrolyte for lithium battery is mainly made of the following raw materials in parts by weight: 35-60 parts of biodegradable polymer, 15-50 parts of matrix polymer, 3-30 parts of conductive lithium salt, inorganic 1 to 30 parts of oxide, and its preparation method includes the following steps: 1) under the protection of an inert gas, dissolve the biodegradable polymer and matrix polymer of the formula in an organic solvent to obtain solution A; 2) prepare the formula A certain amount of conductive lithium salt is dissolved in the solution A obtained in step 1), and then the formulated amount of inorganic oxide is added, mixed evenly, and the product is obtained. The biodegradable composite polymer electrolyte for lithium batteries has the advantages of safety, less environmental pollution, high electrical conductivity and biodegradability, and is widely used in the field of lithium batteries.

A road marking paint suitable for heavy-duty traffic highways and a preparation method thereof. The paint includes the following raw materials: modified petroleum resin, petroleum resin, EVA resin, polyamide resin, filler, pigment, plasticizer, fiber, internal mixture Reflective glass beads, surface sprinkled reflective glass beads, the modifier of the modified petroleum resin includes SBS and epoxy acrylate. In the present invention, SBS and epoxy acrylate are used as modifiers to graft and modify petroleum resin, and the SBS and epoxy acrylate branched chains on the petroleum resin penetrate or connect SiO through molecular thermal motion. 2 Hollow microspheres form a solid three-dimensional network structure. On the one hand, it can lock the reflective glass beads to reduce migration and precipitation under external pressure. On the other hand, it can greatly improve the wear resistance of the marking paint to prevent Decrease in reflective properties caused by friction, precipitation, shedding, etc. At the same time, it is also found that the SiO2 hollow microspheres and the modified petroleum resin can synergistically improve the compressive strength of the paint.

The invention provides a method for plating the surface of diamond with nickel. The method includes the following steps of firstly, sequentially conducting oil removal and water washing on diamond to obtain washed diamond; secondly, conducting vacuum sintering after the diamond washed in the first step makes contact with activating liquid to obtain activated diamond, wherein the activating liquid includes water-soluble nickel salt, reducing agent and complexing agent; thirdly, conducting chemical nickel plating on the diamond activated in the second step. The activating liquid including water-soluble nickel salt, reducing agent and complexing agent is adopted, and nickel salt is reduced into metal nickel and sintered on the surface of the diamond through a vacuum sintering mode. Through the catalytic activity of nickel, the original sensitizing procedure and the original activating procedure are combined into one activating procedure, the process is simplified, cost is reduced, the process quality of whole nickel plating can be stable, and the method is suitable for industrial expanded production.

The invention discloses a graphene wrapped porous red phosphorus-conductive carbon composite material, which comprises a red phosphorus-conductive carbon composite material. The red phosphorus-conductive carbon composite material comprises at least one red phosphorus particle and a plurality of conductive carbon particles adhered on the surface of red phosphorus. The surface of the red phosphorusparticle(s) has a porous structure. At least one graphene layer is wrapped on the external side of the red phosphorus-conductive carbon composite material. The preparation method of the graphene wrapped porous red phosphorus-conductive carbon composite material comprises following steps: (a) preparing a red phosphorus-conductive carbon composite material; (b) preparing a porous red phosphorus-conductive carbon composite material; and (c) preparing the graphene wrapped porous red phosphorus-conductive carbon composite material. The invention also discloses an application of the graphene wrappedporous red phosphorus-conductive carbon composite material as an alkali metal ion battery anode material.

The invention belongs to the technical field of traditional Chinese medicine preparations, and discloses an extraction and purification method of industrial hemp total terpene and a preparation. The extraction and purification method comprises the following steps of: (1) stirring and extracting industrial hemp medicinal material powder with 50%-95% ethanol in an amount which is 5-10 times that of the industrial hemp medicinal material powder at room temperature, and concentrating an extracting solution under reduced pressure at a temperature of 50-70DEG C to obtain a concentrated solution; (2) adding 4-8 times of hot water into the concentrated solution for dispersion, performing cooling to room temperature, and performing centrifugal layering and separation to obtain supernatant; (3) carrying out heat preservation on the supernatant at 80-95DEG C, carrying out molecular distillation, and collecting light components to obtain an industrial hemp total terpene crude extract; and (4) taking the industrial hemp total terpene crude extract, adding 3-10 times of distilled water for steam distillation, collecting light components, performing standing at room temperature, and collecting the upper layer to obtain the industrial hemp total terpene extract with a total industrial hemp terpene content of greater than or equal to 95% and a transfer rate of greater than or equal to 99%. The method is environment-friendly in process, the extraction rate and the purity are higher than those of a traditional method for directly distilling medicinal materials with water vapor, and the obtained industrial hemp total terpene is suitable for being prepared into a medicinal preparation.

The invention provides a method for preparing a clinically sculptable magnesium silicate / polyamino acid composite material. The method uses the clinically sculptable polyamino acid and magnesium silicate as raw materials for reaction; The polyamino acid for clinical shaping is obtained by polymerizing any 3 or 4 amino acids of 6-aminocaproic acid and 4-aminobutyric acid, proline, lysine, and glutamic acid as monomers. The composite material prepared by the above method can be arbitrarily shaped at a relatively low temperature, which is beneficial for doctors to operate according to the specific shape of the bone defect during the operation; the composite material has good biological activity, is conducive to bone formation in vivo, and can It effectively promotes the proliferation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, and has a good application prospect in the preparation of bone repair materials for repairing irregular bone defects and promoting bone defect regeneration. The preparation method of the invention is simple, the raw materials are easy to obtain, and the cost is low, which is suitable for industrialized expanded production.

The invention relates to a preparation method of 3-aminomethyl tetrahydrofuran. Specifically the invention relates to a method of preparing 3-aminomethyl tetrahydrofuran through reducing 3-cyanotetrahydrofuran. A novel synthesis technology is adopted; gamma-butyrolactone and a halogen simple substance X2 are taken as the raw materials to prepare 3-X-gamma-butyrolactone; then 3-X-gamma-butyrolactone is reduced by a reducing agent to obtain 2-X-1,4-butylene glycol; 2-X-1,4-butylene glycol is dehydrated by a dehydrating agent to obtain 3-X tetrahydrofuran; 3-X tetrahydrofuran is converted into 3-cyanotetrahydrofuran in the presence of a cyaniding catalyst, and finally 3-cyanotetrahydrofuran is converted into 3-aminomethyl tetrahydrofuran in the presence of a hydrogenation catalyst. The synthesis technology has the advantages of easily available raw materials, simple operation, mild reaction conditions, high yield and product purity, little environmental pollution, and low production cost, is suitable for industrial massive production, and has a wide application prospect.

The invention provides an electrostatic spinning process for preparing a sulfonated polymer elastomer nanofiber membrane, and belongs to the field of polymer membranes. The process comprises the following steps: (1) dissolving a sulfonated polymer elastomer in an organic solvent to prepare a spinning solution with the concentration of 3wt.%-7wt.%; the sulfonation degree of the sulfonated polymer elastomer is 5%-20%; and (2) carrying out electrostatic spinning on the spinning solution, and drying to obtain the nanofiber membrane. The sulfonated SEBS nanofiber membrane prepared by utilizing the electrostatic spinning process is good in air permeability, excellent in mechanical property, large in shape adjustable range, large in specific surface area, large in length-diameter ratio, high in contact efficiency and good in dimensional stability, and has wide application prospects in preparation of medical protective materials, energy materials and filtering materials. The electrostatic spinning process is simple and easy to operate, low in cost and suitable for industrial expanded production.

The invention discloses a freeze-drying preparation process method of dalteparin sodium, by adjusting parameters of a dalteparin sodium aqueous solution in the freeze-drying process and controlling the processes of different freeze-drying stages, on the basis of not damaging the quality of the original dalteparin sodium structure and potency, the problem that after a low-molecular-weight heparin sodium raw material is freeze-dried, the clarity after redissolution in water is unqualified in the prior art can be solved, the method improves the quality of the product, successfully synthesizes the high purity dalteparin sodium bulk drug finished product, and has the advantages of easy product collection and suitableness for industrial expanded production compared with traditional low molecular weight heparin sodium preparation technologies through alcohol precipitation and vacuum drying.