The invention discloses a device and a method for a continuous test of ground surface settlement induced by shield tunnel excavation, the device can be spliced in any length, and according to the requirement of an actual test purpose, two or more independent sub-devices can be spliced through a connecting device to form a target device. And each sub device comprises a steel frame, a toughened glass observation plate, channel steel, a bottom water inlet pipe, a movable pulley and a connecting device. According to the invention, multiple test working conditions are carried out under a single variable, error interference of temperature difference between working conditions, operation and the like and model test of influence of shield tunnel excavation on ground surface settlement are reduced, and the accuracy of test results is improved; according to the invention, the change rule of ground surface settlement during shield tunnel excavation is explored, and the test efficiency is significantly improved; according to the invention, the water inflow and the water discharge can be controlled, and the law research of shield tunnel excavation on stratum and earth surface soil deformation under saturated and unsaturated states of sandy soil, clay and gravel soil can be simulated; and the deformation rule of the soil body in the shield tunnel excavation process can be conveniently discussed.