The invention discloses a SiOC ceramic material used for preparing the cathode of a lithium ion battery, a preparation method thereof and a lithium ion battery prepared from the ceramic material. The SiOC ceramic material comprises silicon, oxygen and carbon, and the mol ratio of silicon to oxygen to carbon is 1: alpha: beta, wherein, alpha is 0.4 to 0.2, beta is 0.4 to 5.0, and alpha plus beta is 0.8 to 7.0. The preparation method comprises the following steps: preparing organosilicon polymers with a molecular formula of a(R1R2SiO)x(R3R4SiO2)y(R5R6SiO3)zb, wherein, a and b are terminated functional groups, R1, R2, R3, R4, R5 and R6 are functional groups, at least one of which is hydrogen groups or alkenyl groups, x is 0.3 to 1, y is 0 to 0.7, z is 0 to 0.5, and x plus y plus z is 1; preparing organic small molecular compounds which comprise active groups that can react with hydrogen groups, silanol groups or alkenyl groups; mixing the organosilicon polymers with the organic small molecular compounds, preparing the two into a copolymer through crossing and curing, and carrying out pyrolysis so as to obtain the SiOC ceramic material. The lithium ion battery provided in the invention has the characteristics of high capacity, good cycle performance and high reversible capacity.