The invention discloses a nuclear reactor single rod boiling critical test device and method under the condition of six-degree-of-freedom motion, the test device can carry out closed forced circulation and natural circulation flow heat exchange tests, and the test device comprises a shield pump, a voltage stabilizer, an orifice plate flowmeter, a preheating section, a test section, a heat exchanger, a metal hose, a make-up pump and the like. A test section adopts an electric heating mode, and a main loop is integrally placed on a two-ton six-degree-of-freedom motion platform, so that related research on the influence of ocean conditions on critical heat flux density can be completed. Deionized water is selected as a flowing working medium, enters the horizontal snakelike preheating section from a voltage stabilizer and a shield pump (natural circulation does not pass through the shield pump), then enters the test section, passes through a heat exchanger and finally returns to the voltage stabilizer to form closed circulation.