The invention discloses a hyperbranched polyester modified itaconic acid based aqueous light-cured resin, and a preparation method thereof. The hyperbranched polyester modified itaconic acid based aqueous light-cured resin is mainly prepared from following raw materials: itaconic acid, 1,4-butanediol, hyperbranched polyester polyol, epoxy acrylate, an esterification catalyst, a polymerization inhibitor, a polycondensation catalyst, a stabilizer, a neutralizer and water. The preparation method comprises the following steps: (1) mixing itaconic acid, 1,4-butanediol, hyperbranched polyester polyol, epoxy acrylate, the esterification catalyst and the polymerization inhibitor, heating under nitrogen protection for reaction, performing thermal insulation pressure-reduced reaction until no more water is generated, stopping reaction, and cooling; (2) adding the polycondensation catalyst and the stabilizer, performing pressure-reduced heating reaction, cooling, adding the neutralizer, adding water, and obtaining of a finished product. The hyperbranched polyester modified itaconic acid based aqueous light-cured resin is large in color, high in curing speed, hardness, adhesion force, flexibility, water resistance, and biomass content, and is friendly to the environment; the method is simple; no solvent is added in the preparation process; cost is low; and the preparation method is suitable for industrial production.