The invention provides a
quantum key-based
authentication method and
authentication device. The method comprises the steps of receiving a first
authentication request sent by a first device, wherein the first authentication request comprises identity of the first device, identity of a second device, first key identity, and a first authentication
ciphertext encrypted by using a first
quantum key corresponding to the first key identity; determining the first
quantum key according to a pre-stored correspondence relationship between the first key identity and the first quantum key; decrypting thefirst authentication
ciphertext by using the first quantum key, and authenticating the decrypted first authentication
ciphertext; when an authentication success result is received, encrypting the identity of the first device by using a second quantum key, and generating a second authentication request, wherein the second quantum key is a shared key between an
authentication server and the second device; and sending the second authentication request to the second device. In the prior art, the authentication efficiency is low due to use of a public key
algorithm. The authentication method and authentication device solve the problem in the prior art.