Devices, systems, and methods are disclosed for identifying a driver versus a passenger within a
smart vehicle. This involves a determination of the relative positions of the
wireless communication devices within the
smart vehicle using near-field communication (NFC) or GPS, AGPS, etc. The
wireless communication device detected closest to the driver seat is assumed to be the device owned by the driver. Once identified, the driver can be billed for tolls and other road services, based on the location of the
smart vehicle. For instance, as the smart vehicle approaches a
toll, a notification can be sent to all of the
wireless communication devices. A response from a particular wireless
communication device will result in the corresponding user's account being billed for the
toll. Further, the smart vehicle can communicate with near-field transceivers placed, for instance, alongside a High-Occupancy Vehicle (HOV) lane. A driver of the vehicle can be billed, fined, or ticketed based upon a determination of an absence of passengers in the smart vehicle.