The invention discloses an electromagnetic field near-field imaging system and method based on pulsed light detection magnetic resonance. The system consists of a laser pump optical path, a microwave source, a diamond NV color-center probe, a CCD camera unit, a synchronization system, a displacement scanning platform, control software and a data analysis imaging system. In the system, a large diamond single crystal containing the NV color-center is used as a detection unit, a static magnetic field is used to split a magnetic resonance peak of the diamond NV color-center into eight peaks, the eight resonance peaks correspond to four crystal axis directions <111>, <1-11>, <-111>, <11-1> of a diamond lattice structure, by measuring the Rabi frequency of each resonance peak, the strength of a circularly polarized microwave field perpendicular to the corresponding crystal axis direction is obtained, and through comprehensive calculation of the microwave field strengths in the four directions, the strength and direction of a microwave vector are then reconstructed. Through the microwave near-field high-resolution imaging of a local region of a microwave chip under measurement, the quantitative data can be provided for the failure analysis of the chip.