The invention relates to a preparation method and application of a composite magnetic nanomaterial based on nanoscale zero-valent iron, and belongs to the technical field of composite magnetic nanomaterials. The preparation method particularly comprises the following steps that the nanoscale zero-valent iron is added into a reaction vessel loaded with absolute ethyl alcohol and acetonitrile, thencetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide, lecithin and ammonium hydroxide are added, ultrasonic treatment is conducted, and suspension liquid is obtained; under the condition of stirring, an ethanol solutioninto which sodium oleate is dissolved is dropwise added in the suspension liquid, and stirring is conducted at room temperature; tetrabutyl titanate is added in the mixture, after ultrasonic treatmentis conducted at room temperature, reaction liquid is transferred into a high pressure kettle, and a high-temperature reaction is conducted; after the reaction liquid is cooled to the room temperature, zeolite is added in the mixed liquid, and stirring is conducted; ammonium dibutyl dithiophosphate is added in the mixed liquid obtained after stirring is conducted, and stirring is conducted. The preparation method is simple, the problem that the surface of the nanoscale zero-valent iron is likely to be oxidized to be Fe<2+> or Fe<3+>, and reducibility is poor can be solved, and the removal effect of the nanoscale zero-valent iron on heavy metal ions in a water body is greatly increased.