The invention discloses a sampling device for water quality inspection of rivers and lakes based on an unmanned aerial vehicle. The sampling device comprises the unmanned aerial vehicle, a landing gear, a GPS module, a lifting motor fixing frame, a lifting motor, a lifting reducer, a lifting main shaft, a winding drum, a steel wire rope, a sampling cylinder, a sampling motor, a sampling reducer, asampling main shaft, a sampling box, sampling cavities, closed grooves, sample inlets, sample outlets, swinging rods, rubber rings, tensioning springs, driving pins, a sampling crank, a sampling connecting rod, a sampling pull rod, driving holes, a baffle, a sealing cavity, a battery, a plurality of front water passing holes, a plurality of rear water passing holes and a control handle. The sampling device for the water quality inspection of the rivers and lakes based on the unmanned aerial vehicle has the beneficial effects that (1) the structure is simple; and (2) the degree of automation is high, the sampling speed is fast, the sampling cost is low, extraction of multiple water samples of different depths can be realized at the same time, and the application range is wide.