The invention discloses a photothermal therapy probe based on a photothermal nanomaterial. The photothermal therapy probe comprises a cylindrical shell with a closed end, the photothermal nanomaterial arranged in the closed end in the shell, an optical fiber for illuminating the photothermal nanomaterial, and a temperature sensor close to the inner wall of the closed end of the shell. The shell is a hard material and provides the ability of the protection of internal devices and tissue puncture. An optical fiber guides laser into the internal part of a probe. The photothermal nanomaterial converts light energy into high-temperature heat energy, and the temperature sensor monitors and controls the terminal temperature of the probe. According to the photothermal therapy probe, the shell is filled with the photothermal nanomaterial, the light energy is converted into the heat energy, the probe reaches a tissue lesion part through minimal invasion, then through an efficient photothermal conversion mechanism of the photothermal nanomaterial, the killing of tumor and other disease tissue cells is implemented, and the photothermal therapy probe has the advantages of a simple structure, convenient operation, a small wound surface, efficient treatment and high accuracy.