37 results about "Half-reaction" patented technology

Atomic layer deposition in a roll-to-roll manufacturing environment is disclosed. At least a portion of a substrate from a first roll is disposed in a chamber. A first atomic layer deposition (ALD) half reaction is performed on the portion of the substrate while the portion is within the chamber. A subsequent ALD half reaction may be performed on the same portion of the substrate to form a layer of material. Multiple ALD sequences may be performed by passing the substrate through a sequence of ALD reaction chambers or by passing the substrate through one or more ALD reaction chambers in a continuous loop.

An improved process for the manufacture of ethylene oxide through the epoxidation of ethylene using a catalyst comprising silver and at least one efficiency-enhancing salt of a member of a redox-half reaction pair. Added to the epoxidation reaction is a two-component gas-phase promoter system comprising a chlorine-containing component (for example ethyl chloride, methyl chloride, vinyl chloride and ethylene dichloride), and a nitrogen-containing component of nitric oxide and other compounds capable of generating under reaction conditions at least one gaseous efficiency-enhancing member of a redox-half reaction pair comprising NO, NO2, N2O3 or N2O4. The amount of each component of said gaseous promoter is adjusted to maintain the ration of N* to Z* less than or equal to 1 wherein, N* is the nitric oxide equivalent in ppmv, ranging from 1 to 20 ppmv and Z*=ethyl chloride equivalent (ppmv)*100 percent / ethane equivalent (mol percent)*100 ranging from 5 to 40 ppmv.

The invention relates to a staged membrane bioreactor device, for treating sewage or micro-polluted source water, with a water container, pertaining to the environmental protection technology field. The device consists of a half-reaction zone, an anaerobic reaction zone, an aeration reaction zone and a pure water zone. The half-reaction is communicated with the bottom of the aeration zone, the bottom of the half-reaction is provided with an empty valve, one side of the half-reaction zone has a water inlet pump, the inside of the half-reaction has an internal ring filled with stuff, and the top of the half-reaction is provided with a stirrer, and the effluent of the half-reaction automatically flows into the anaerobic reaction zone. The top of the anaerobic reaction zone is provided with a stirrer, the bottom thereof is provided with a sludge empty valve, and a sludge empty device is shaped like a horn mouth and positioned in the anaerobic reaction zone, and the top of the anaerobic reaction zone is provided with a drug feeding mouth. The bottom of the aeration reaction zone has an internal return pump, the lower part of the aeration reaction zone is provided with an aeration pipe with an air inlet positioned at one side of the aeration reaction zone, and a fan is connected to the aeration pipe through the air inlet; the top of the aeration reaction zone is provided with an overflow pipe, the bottom of the aeration reaction zone is provided with an empty valve, while the middle is provided with a membrane component. The pure water zone is divided into two units, and the inside of each unit is provided with an effluent valve. The invention has the advantages of good effluent quality, multi purposes, small land occupancy, flexible and convenient using method, and is applied to the treatment of domestic sewage and micro-polluted source water, and can widen and facilitate the application of membrane bioreactor water treatment and water resource reutilization technique.

The invention provides equipment for directly producing hydrogen through osmotic energy and a use method for the equipment. Specifically, the equipment for directly producing the hydrogen through the osmotic energy comprises a reverse electrodialysis device, an anolyte storage tank, a catholyte storage tank, a concentrated solution storage tank and a diluted solution storage tank. According to the technical scheme, under the circumstance that a power source is not added externally, potential energy difference of saline solutions with different concentrations is used, an alkaline electrolyte and an acidic electrolyte are adopted in an anode chamber and a cathode chamber on the two sides of the reverse electrodialysis device correspondingly, hydrolysis half-reaction occurs on an electrode of the reverse electrodialysis device directly, the hydrogen and oxygen are generated, and the gases are separated on line through a gas-liquid separation system. Through the equipment and the use method, energy consumption of hydrolysis hydrogen production can be lowered, the electrode stability is improved, the process is simple, externally added energy is not needed, pollution is avoided, and hydrogen production efficiency is high.

The invention provides a novel tin oxide semiconductor photocatalyst. A bivalent chloride of tin SnCl2.2H2O or a bivalent bromide of tin SnBr2.2H2O is dissolved in methanol or ethanol, and a hydrothermal reaction is carried out in a hydrothermal reaction kettle at 150 DEG C to obtain a SnO2 nano semiconductor material with visible light response, wherein the average grain size is 2.5nm, the absorption edge of single-phase SnO2 powder reaches 570nm and is corresponding to a bandgap of 2.17eV, higher light anode current is displayed within a visible wavelength range and reaches a mA / cm<2> level, and half reaction activity of producing hydrogen and oxygen is also achieved. The preparation method comprises the following steps: dissolving the bivalent chloride of tin SnCl2.2H2O or the bivalent bromide of tin SnBr2.2H2O in methanol or ethanol to prepare an alcoholic solution with concentration of 20mmol / L, carrying out the hydrothermal reaction in the hydrothermal reaction kettle at 150 DEG C for at least 24 hours, standing, filtering, and drying filtrate solid at 50-80 DEG C to obtain the novel tin oxide semiconductor photocatalyst. The application comprises: preparing the product into a photoelectrode. Under visible light response, the photoelectrode has higher photoelectrochemical water splitting activity, so that the photoelectrode is used for photocatalytic water splitting or is used as a visible-light-induced photocatalyst.

The invention discloses a quantum dot catalyst doped with metal ions. The catalyst includes a light-harvesting unit and a catalyzing unit, wherein the light-harvesting unit includes one, two or several kinds of quantum dots, and the catalyzing unit comprises the metal ions doped in the quantum dots. The metal ions are dispersed on the quantum dots in the following one or several manners that: (1) the metal ions are adhered to the surface of the quantum dots; (2) the metal ions are uniformly dispersed in the quantum dots; (3) the metal ions are disposed in the quantum dots in a gradient alloy way; (4) the metal ions are merely disposed on cores of core-shell quantum dots; (5) the metal ions are merely disposed on shells of the core-shell quantum dots; (6) both the cores and shells of the core-shell quantum dots are doped with the metal ions. The invention further discloses a photocatalytic hydrogen production system of doped quantum dots. The system has high efficiency of a quantum-dot-catalyst photocatalytic hydrogen production system and simplicity of a single quantum-dot photocatalytic hydrogen production system. The system can conveniently combine with an oxygen production half-reaction to totally decompose water.

The invention relates to a method for recycling ferric sulphide-containing tailings. According to the method, oxidizing half-reaction FeS2+8H2O -> Fe<3+>+16H<+>+2SO4<2->+15e<-> and reducing half-reaction 3.75O2+15H<+>+15e<-> -> 7.5H2O (3) are respectively put into an anode chamber and a cathode chamber of a microbial fuel cell (MFC) for microbial leaching, so as to obtain ferric sulphide-containing tailings; and when metal is recovered, electrons released by oxidizing half-reaction can also be recovered by an outer circuit of the MFC in a form of electric energy, so that the operation cost is reduced. In addition, protons generated by oxidizing half-reaction are transmitted to a cathode to participate into reduction reaction to generate water, and are continuously consumed, so that the leaching rate can be significantly improved to improve the metal recovery rate; meanwhile, the generated water is environment-friendly and free of secondary pollution; and corrosion to equipment caused by acid production can also be retarded.

A direct thermoelectrochemical heat-to-electricity converter includes two electrochemical cells at hot and cold temperatures, each having a gas-impermeable, electron-blocking membrane capable of transporting an ion I, and a pair of electrodes on opposite sides of the membrane. Two closed-circuit chambers A and B each includes a working fluid, a pump, and a counter-flow heat exchanger. The chambers are connected to opposite sides of the electrochemical cells and carry their respective working fluids between the two cells. The working fluids are each capable of undergoing a reversible redox half-reaction of the general form R→O+I+e−, where R is a reduced form of an active species in a working fluid and O is the oxidized forms of the active species. One of the first pair of electrodes is electrically connected to one the second pair of electrodes via an electrical load to produce electricity. The device thereby operates such that the first electrochemical cell runs a forward redox reaction, gaining entropy, and the second electrochemical cell runs a reverse redox reaction, expelling entropy.

The invention relates to a surface modification method of inorganic pigments and belongs to the technical field of modification of industrial inorganic pigments. The method comprises the following steps: carrying out ball milling and crushing of inorganic pigments, then placing the inorganic pigments in a powder atomic layer deposition device, selecting precursors moderate in activity and vapor pressure, alternately filling the precursors in the inorganic pigments, forming single-layer active adsorption on the surfaces of the inorganic pigments through exchange of active functional groups andcompleting self-limited chemical half-reaction to generate dense films, and coating all the parts of the surfaces with the films with uniform thickness. Through the method, nano films generated by atomic layer deposition are used for coating the inorganic pigments; the coating uniformity is high; the nano films are especially used for uniformly coating inorganic pigments with small particles; thenano films generated by atomic layer deposition are dense in structure, uniform in thickness and excellent in consistency; through the characteristics of reaction mechanisms of the nano films, the nano films can be used for coating the inorganic pigments with different particle sizes.

The invention provides a computer auxiliary centering installation and correction device and a method for a diffraction element. The computer auxiliary centering installation and correction device for the diffraction element comprises a lathe main shaft, a location sensor, a chuck, a special fixture, an actuator, a threaded pressing ring, a microscope base, silica gel, lathe guide rail, a lather tool, a differentiation plate, an overlength working distance microscope objective, a light source, a half-reaction semi-permeable mirror, a charge coupled device (CCD) camera, a CCD imaging lens, a computer and a cross label. A special cross label is manufactured at the center of the diffraction element, a centering detection unit detects centering deviation, and meanwhile the computer automatically adjusts the location of the chuck according to location data which are fed back by the location sensor until the center precision meets a requirement of a tolerance, so automatic adjustment of the chuck stops. Finally, the microscope base which is provided with the diffraction element is conducted centering turning and is installed into a lens barrel. The computer auxiliary centering installing and correcting device and the method for the diffraction element solve the problems that centering center of sphere image can not be produced when the diffraction element is conducted centering installation and correction and manual adjustment of the chuck is low in efficiency and precision and achieves the computer auxiliary control on the diffraction element centering installation and correction.

The invention discloses a modeling method for a nitrous oxide kinetic model in the sewage biological denitrification process. The modeling method includes the following steps that 1, a N2O generation mechanism is comprehensively analyzed and accurately expressed with a half-reaction equation; 2, working conditions affecting N2O generation are comprehensively analyzed, and a key environmental factor is determined; 3, the N2O kinetic model based on an activated sludge model 3 (ASM3) is constructed based on ASM3 according to the determined half-reaction equation and the key factor; 4, unknown parameters in the modeling process are estimated and recognized by using an MATLAB optimization algorithm, and the confidence interval of the unknown parameters is determined; 5, MATLAB mathematical software is used for dynamically simulating the N2O kinetic model, sensitivity of the various parameters is analyzed, and the key parameter greatly affecting the model is found and modified; 6, the MATLAB is used for constructing N2O kinetic model dynamic simulation software. The modeling method has the advantages that the N2O generation mechanism is expressed more clearly, and predictive ability is more accurate.

A process for printing a metal wire pattern on a substrate, including: printing a first salt solution including a metal ion that will undergo a reduction half-reaction; printing a second salt solution containing an oxidizing agent that will undergo an oxidation half-reaction in contact with the first salt solution, resulting in the reduction of the metal ions of the first salt solution; and allowing the first and second salt solutions to react by a galvanic reaction, causing reduced metal ions of the first salt solution to precipitate as a solid, on the substrate.

The invention provides systems and methods for generating organic compounds using carbon dioxide as a source of carbon and electrical current as an energy source. In one embodiment, a reaction cell is provided having a cathode electrode and an anode electrode that are connected to a source of electrical power, and which are separated by a permeable membrane. A biological film is provided on the cathode. The biological film comprises a bacterium that can accept electrons and that can convert carbon dioxide to a carbon-bearing compound and water in a cathode half-reaction. At the anode, water is decomposed to free molecular oxygen and solvated protons in an anode half-reaction. The half-reactions are driven by the application of electrical current from an external source. Compounds that have been produced include acetate, butanol, 2-oxobutyrate, propanol, ethanol, and formate.

The invention discloses a bifunctional water electrolysis catalyst and a preparation method and application thereof. In the bifunctional water electrolysis catalyst, NiS2 nanotubes approximately vertically grow on a substrate in an array form, the diameter of the NiS2 nanotubes is 20-80nm, and the length of the NiS2 nanotubes is 100-500nm. The formation of the nanotubes has undergone a nanosheet crimping process. The nanotube array grows on the foamed nickel substrate in situ, the NiS2 material shows excellent electro-catalytic performance on hydrogen production half reaction (HER) and oxygenevolution half reaction (OER) of water decomposition due to the special structure of the one-dimensional nanotubes, and the electro-catalytic performance is higher than that of other NiS2 materials inthe prior art. Particularly, when the bifunctional water electrolysis catalyst is used as a cathode and an anode of a two-electrode system at the same time to carry out a full-water-splitting reaction, the current of 10mA / cm < 2 > can be obtained by only needing the voltage of 1.58 V.

The invention discloses a ruthenium water oxidation catalyst based on an electronegative ligand and a preparation method thereof, and belongs to the technical field of catalyst preparation. The overpotential of the molecular catalyst can be reduced through the electronegative ligand, so that the electronegative tridentate ligand with a conjugated system is designed and synthesized, simultaneouslya long carbon chain is also introduced into the molecular catalyst, and the electronegative tridentate ligand can be preferably combined with a carboxylated multi-wall carbon nanotube. Therefore, thewater oxidization catalyst has preferable electrochemical performance inside electro-catalysis water oxidation, so that the catalyst provides an effective half-reaction for water oxidation, and an effective approach is provided for solving environmental problems and energy problems.

The invention discloses a bifunctional catalyst for synchronously reducing water to produce hydrogen through photocatalytic oxidation of p-xylene and a preparation method and application of the bifunctional catalyst, and belongs to the field of composite photocatalysts.The preparation method comprises the steps that titanium dioxide, nickel chloride and cadmium acetate dihydrate are dissolved in water and mixed to obtain a uniform mixed solution; and dropwise adding a sodium sulfide solution into the uniformly mixed solution, adding sodium hydroxide and sodium borohydride, fully stirring, carrying out a hydrothermal reaction, and finally washing and drying to obtain the bifunctional catalyst. According to the method, PX is successfully oxidized into p-tolualdehyde through the photo-generated hole oxidation capacity generated in the photocatalysis process, meanwhile, hydrogen energy is prepared through photo-generated electron reduction water, oxidation and reduction half reactions in the photocatalysis process are fully utilized, and corresponding valuable products are obtained.

The invention provides a device capable of directly producing hydrogen by utilizing the salt difference and a use method thereof. Specifically, the equipment capable of directly producing hydrogen by utilizing the salt difference includes a reverse electrodialysis device, an anolyte storage tank, a catholyte storage tank, a concentrated solution storage tank and a dilute solution storage tank. According to the technical scheme of the present invention, under the condition of no external power supply, using the potential energy difference of salt solutions with different concentrations, the anode chamber and the cathode chamber on both sides of the reverse electrodialysis device respectively use alkaline electrolyte and acid electrolyte, directly in the reverse electrodialysis device. The hydrolysis half-reaction occurs on the electrode of the electrodialysis device to generate hydrogen and oxygen, and the gas is separated online by the gas-liquid separation system. The device and its use method can not only reduce the energy consumption of hydrogen production by hydrolysis and improve the stability of electrodes, but also have simple process, no need of external energy, no pollution, and high hydrogen production efficiency.

The invention relates to a sewage treatment half-reaction pool, which is in a helix shape and is divided into six layers. The upper part is designed into a curved pipe, and the layers are separated by baffle plates. The half-reaction pool is provided with a plurality of stuffings, the lower part of the half-reaction pool is provided with a water inlet, and the upper part is provided with a water outlet. The sewage treatment half-reaction pool provided by the invention has the advantages of simple structure, high reaction efficiency and long reaction time. The half-reaction pool is a helix-shaped labyrinth, the upper part of which is designed into the curved pipe, so that microorganisms can have sufficient contact space with organic matters and enough digestion time.

The invention discloses a modeling method for a nitrous oxide kinetic model in the sewage biological denitrification process. The modeling method includes the following steps that 1, a N2O generation mechanism is comprehensively analyzed and accurately expressed with a half-reaction equation; 2, working conditions affecting N2O generation are comprehensively analyzed, and a key environmental factor is determined; 3, the N2O kinetic model based on an activated sludge model 3 (ASM3) is constructed based on ASM3 according to the determined half-reaction equation and the key factor; 4, unknown parameters in the modeling process are estimated and recognized by using an MATLAB optimization algorithm, and the confidence interval of the unknown parameters is determined; 5, MATLAB mathematical software is used for dynamically simulating the N2O kinetic model, sensitivity of the various parameters is analyzed, and the key parameter greatly affecting the model is found and modified; 6, the MATLAB is used for constructing N2O kinetic model dynamic simulation software. The modeling method has the advantages that the N2O generation mechanism is expressed more clearly, and predictive ability is more accurate.

The invention relates to a carbon monoxide segmented heat transfer half-reaction shift process capable of adjusting water-gas ratio and used for carbonyl synthesis, which is equivalent to a two-stage adiabatic process catalyst filling amount, through bypass adjustment and shift catalyst dynamics control, the problems of over-temperature and methanation reaction of the section I of a shift converter caused by low load or water-gas ratio change can be avoided; before the crude synthesis gas enters a low-pressure steam generator, high-pressure boiler water is sprayed, so that a large amount of water can be discharged from the supersaturated crude synthesis gas during subsequent condensation, and more ash and impurities can be brought out, therefore, the arrangement of a detoxification tank can be cancelled, and the process is more simplified; the section I of the shift converter adopts dynamic control, reaction conditions are mild, and the service life of the catalyst is prolonged; through the bypass of the outlet of a gas-liquid separator, the temperature of the converted gas at the I-section outlet of the conversion furnace can be effectively adjusted, so that the superheat degree of the converted gas entering the medium-high pressure steam superheater is ensured, and stable superheated medium-high pressure steam is obtained.

The invention provides a photocatalyst for CO2 reduction-biomass oxidation coupling reaction and a preparation method thereof.The photocatalyst is synthesized through a one-step hydrothermal method, and the composite photocatalyst LDH / N, N-dimethyl formamide is obtained by controlling the aging temperature, the reaction time and the proportion and variety of LDH and metal oxide; wherein N is an oxide with excellent light response capability and photo-induced electron capture capability, and interlayer anions of LDH are CO3 < 2->. The photocatalyst can generate more electrons (e <->) and holes (h < + >) in photocatalytic CO2 reduction-biomass oxidation coupling reaction, the electrons (e <->) and the holes (h < + >) participate in CO2 reduction half-reaction and biomass oxidation half-reaction respectively, and meanwhile, CO3 < 2-> pre-enriched between LDH laminates promotes the reduction half-reaction, so that the catalyst shows excellent catalytic performance.

The invention relates to a method for recycling ferric sulphide-containing tailings. According to the method, oxidizing half-reaction FeS2+8H2O -> Fe<3+>+16H<+>+2SO4<2->+15e<-> and reducing half-reaction 3.75O2+15H<+>+15e<-> -> 7.5H2O (3) are respectively put into an anode chamber and a cathode chamber of a microbial fuel cell (MFC) for microbial leaching, so as to obtain ferric sulphide-containing tailings; and when metal is recovered, electrons released by oxidizing half-reaction can also be recovered by an outer circuit of the MFC in a form of electric energy, so that the operation cost is reduced. In addition, protons generated by oxidizing half-reaction are transmitted to a cathode to participate into reduction reaction to generate water, and are continuously consumed, so that the leaching rate can be significantly improved to improve the metal recovery rate; meanwhile, the generated water is environment-friendly and free of secondary pollution; and corrosion to equipment caused by acid production can also be retarded.

The invention discloses a method for calculating a standard electrode potential in a wet desulphurization slurry redox process. The method comprises the following steps of: determining the standard electrode potential of a known redox couple, and calculating and obtaining the dissolving free energy of O2 in a standard state based on a density functional theory, calculating the standard Gibbs free energy change in the acid dissociation process by utilizing an acid dissociation equilibrium constant, then calculating the standard electrode potential of the semi-reaction of O2 / H2O and S (VI) / S (IV) of the electricity pair, and finally obtaining the standard electrode potential in the wet desulphurization slurry redox process through the standard electrode potential of the semi-reaction. The method can accurately calculate the standard electrode potential in the wet desulphurization slurry redox process.

The invention discloses a micro-electric mask with an oxygen combination reaction electrode. The micro-electric mask comprises a substrate material; the essence is in close contact with the substrate material and contains water, the overall dissolved oxygen content of the essence is smaller than 100 ppm, and the electric conductivity of the essence is larger than 40 [mu] s / cm; the oxidation electrode is in conductive contact with the essence, and the standard reduction potential of the oxidation electrode is lower than the oxygen hydration reduction potential, so that when the essence is in contact with the oxygen and the oxidation electrode at the same time, the essence can generate an oxygen hydration reduction half reaction with the oxygen, and the oxidation electrode can generate an oxidation half reaction with moisture in the essence; and the anaerobic package is used for packaging the substrate material, the essence and the oxidation electrode, so that external oxygen is isolated from the substrate material, the essence and the oxidation electrode, and an oxidation semi-reaction and an oxygen hydration reduction semi-reaction are prevented from occurring before the anaerobic package is opened.

The invention discloses a bifunctional composite material with ultra-small Ru nanoclusters loaded on MoO3-x nanobelts as well as a preparation method and application of the bifunctional composite material. According to the method, a MoO3 nanobelt is used as a carrier, ruthenium salt is used as a metal precursor, and the difunctional composite material with ultra-small Ru nanoclusters loaded on the MoO3-x nanobelt can be obtained through high-temperature reduction. Compared with a traditional material with Ru clusters loaded on other substrates, the method has the advantages that the sub-nano ruthenium clusters can be uniformly embedded in the MoO3-x phase, the composite material is uniform in structure and morphology, and high dispersion is realized. The negative charge regulation and control of MoO3 effectively avoids the agglomeration of Ru and Ostwald ripening in the reaction process. The preparation method is simple in process, has the characteristics of large specific surface area, multiple active sites and the like, shows excellent electrocatalytic activity in alkaline hydrazine oxidation reaction and alkaline water electrolysis device cathode and anode half reaction, and is wide in application range.

The invention relates to a double-solution type preparation method for high-heat-resistance high-wear-resistance polyurethane (PU). A hydroxyl-containing half-reaction-subjected polymer solution A and an isocyanate-containing half-reaction-subjected polymer solution B are mixed for a secondary reaction, a base material is coated with the reaction product by a coating machine, and a PU synthetic membrane is formed by solidifying the coating. The half-reaction-subjected polymer solution A and the isocyanate-containing half-reaction-subjected polymer solution B are respectively formed by performing a prepolymerization reaction. Needed PU is prepared by performing a polymerization reaction on the half-reaction-subjected polymer solution A and solution B with new functionality and structure properties, and then at a reaction temperature of about 80 DEG C, by combining with a coating machine for production, the PU synthetic film with high heat resistance and high wear resistance is produced; and PU synthetic leather can be formed by covering base cloth when coating is performed. The double-solution type preparation method does not employ a solvent as a carrier, and is capable of solving the environment protection problem of air and water pollution.

The invention provides a novel tin oxide semiconductor photocatalyst. A bivalent chloride of tin SnCl2.2H2O or a bivalent bromide of tin SnBr2.2H2O is dissolved in methanol or ethanol, and a hydrothermal reaction is carried out in a hydrothermal reaction kettle at 150 DEG C to obtain a SnO2 nano semiconductor material with visible light response, wherein the average grain size is 2.5nm, the absorption edge of single-phase SnO2 powder reaches 570nm and is corresponding to a bandgap of 2.17eV, higher light anode current is displayed within a visible wavelength range and reaches a mA / cm<2> level, and half reaction activity of producing hydrogen and oxygen is also achieved. The preparation method comprises the following steps: dissolving the bivalent chloride of tin SnCl2.2H2O or the bivalent bromide of tin SnBr2.2H2O in methanol or ethanol to prepare an alcoholic solution with concentration of 20mmol / L, carrying out the hydrothermal reaction in the hydrothermal reaction kettle at 150 DEG C for at least 24 hours, standing, filtering, and drying filtrate solid at 50-80 DEG C to obtain the novel tin oxide semiconductor photocatalyst. The application comprises: preparing the product into a photoelectrode. Under visible light response, the photoelectrode has higher photoelectrochemical water splitting activity, so that the photoelectrode is used for photocatalytic water splitting or is used as a visible-light-induced photocatalyst.