2203 results about "Cutoff frequency" patented technology

The present invention is directed to a method and an apparatus for analysis of an analyte. The method involves providing a zero-mode waveguide which includes a cladding surrounding a core where the cladding is configured to preclude propagation of electromagnetic energy of a frequency less than a cutoff frequency longitudinally through the core of the zero-mode waveguide. The analyte is positioned in the core of the zero-mode waveguide and is then subjected, in the core of the zero-mode waveguide, to activating electromagnetic radiation of a frequency less than the cut-off frequency under conditions effective to permit analysis of the analyte in an effective observation volume which is more compact than if the analysis were carried out in the absence of the zero-mode waveguide.

The present invention is directed to a method and an apparatus for analysis of an analyte. The method involves providing a zero-mode waveguide which includes a cladding surrounding a core where the cladding is configured to preclude propagation of electromagnetic energy of a frequency less than a cutoff frequency longitudinally through the core of the zero-mode waveguide. The analyte is positioned in the core of the zero-mode waveguide and is then subjected, in the core of the zero-mode waveguide, to activating electromagnetic radiation of a frequency less than the cut-off frequency under conditions effective to permit analysis of the analyte in an effective observation volume which is more compact than if the analysis were carried out in the absence of the zero-mode waveguide.

An image pick-up apparatus and an image pick-up system constructed to prevent occurrence of random noise in a photographed image due to a random noise component produced in a reference supply circuit. An image pick-up apparatus has an area sensor driven by matrix driving, and a reference supply circuit for supplying a reference voltage for driving of the area sensor, and the reference voltage is supplied through a low-pass filter (LPF) coupled to the reference supply circuit. Further, a cutoff frequency of the low-pass filter preferably is determined so that an effective value of noise of the reference voltage having passed through the low-pass filter becomes not more than one-tenth of an effective value of random noise produced in pixels of the area sensor.

A method and apparatus for monitoring changes in the intra-thoracic pressure of a patient due to the patient's respiratory activity or volumetric changes in the extra-thoracic arterial circulatory system due to cardiac function based on the changes in pressure in the patient's extra-thoracic arterial circulatory system as measured by a plethysmography sensor, such as an photoplethysmograph. A frequency spectrum is generated for the plethysmograph signal and the frequencies of interest is isolated from the frequency spectrum by setting appropriate cutoff frequencies for the frequency spectrum. This isolated frequency is used to filter the plethysmograph signal to provide a signal indicative of the patient's respiratory activity or cardiac function.

The present invention provides a cardiogram waveform correcting and displaying device capable of facilitating visibility of cardiogram waveforms. A first filtering means 58-1 through n th filtering means 58-n are low-cut filters, each having a first cutoff frequency fc1 through an n th cutoff frequency fcn respectively. Recognition means 56 recognizes feature values of waveforms related to variation of the waveforms in accordance with any outputs of the first filtering means 58-1 through the n th filtering means 58-n. Judging means 62 selects which of the first through the n th filter is used based on the recognized feature values with the recognition means 56. A filter which restricts base-line variation is used when the base-line variation is large, and a filter having less influence to waveforms is used when the base-line variation is small. Display control means 64 displays on a display portion 65 output of the selected filter.

Methods and devices for fabricating AlGaN / GaN normally-off high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs). A fluorine-based (electronegative ions-based) plasma treatment or low-energy ion implantation is used to modify the drain-side surface field distribution without the use of a field plate electrode. The off-state breakdown voltage can be improved and current collapse can be completely suppressed in LDD-HEMTs with no significant degradation in gains and cutoff frequencies.

A method estimates morphological features of heart beats from an ECG signal. Peaks of the R wave of the ECG are detected and classified using a parallel filtering structure. The first branch implements a bandpass filtering with cut off frequencies of about 10 Hz and 35 Hz, enhancing the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the QRS complex. The second branch estimates morphological features of the heart beat from an alternating current (AC) replica of the ECG signal, that may be used to classify the beat and potentially detect arrhythmias.

An image pick-up apparatus and an image pick-up system constructed to prevent occurrence of random noise in a photographed image due to a random noise component produced in a reference supply circuit. An image pick-up apparatus has an area sensor driven by matrix driving, and a reference supply circuit for supplying a reference voltage for driving of the area sensor, and the reference voltage is supplied through a low-pass filter (LPF) coupled to the reference supply circuit. Further, a cutoff frequency of the low-pass filter is preferably determined so that an effective value of noise of the reference voltage having passed through the low-pass filter becomes not more than one-tenth of an effective value of random noise produced in pixels of the area sensor.

A method of suppressing effects of aliasing in a system for digitally processing a high speed signal having a symbol rate of 1 / T. The high speed signal is sampled at a fractional multiple (N) of the symbol rate, wherein 1<N<2, to generate a corresponding sample stream, and filtered using a low-pass filter characteristic having a cut-off frequency corresponding to 1 / 2T. Phase distortions due to the filtering are compensated by digitally processing the sample stream.

The headset comprises: a physiological sensor suitable for being coupled to the cheek or the temple of the wearer of the headset and for picking up non-acoustic voice vibration transmitted by internal bone conduction; lowpass filter means for filtering the signal as picked up; a set of microphones picking up acoustic voice vibration transmitted by air from the mouth of the wearer of the headset; highpass filter means and noise-reduction means for acting on the signals picked up by the microphones; and mixer means for combining the filtered signals to output a signal representative of the speech uttered by the wearer of the headset. The signal of the physiological sensor is also used by means for calculating the cutoff frequency of the lowpass and highpass filters and by means for calculating the probability that speech is absent.

Satellite downstream porting interface API. A novel solution is presented to support various integrated and non-integrated functional blocks within the front-end of a satellite receiver STB (Set Top Box) system. Embedded software, running on an integrated microprocessor within a single chip STB device, is implemented to govern various devices within the satellite STB system. The embedded software may control operational parameters of an external LNB (Low Noise Block) on a satellite dish employed by a user; this may include controlling the polarization of the LNB as well as the associated voltages levels employed by the LNB. The embedded software may also direct the tuning frequency and cut-off frequency of 1 or more SDSs (integrated downstream satellite receivers) receiving output from the satellite dish. The embedded software may also direct many of the various operational parameters of 1 or more SDSs including modulation, code rate, and / or symbol rate of received signals.

An imaging apparatus includes an imager which acquires an image signal of a subject. A first filter processer performs a filer process on a luminance signal included in the image signal in a focus area. A second filter processor performs a filter process on the luminance signal included in the image signal in the focus area and to which a cutoff frequency different from the cutoff frequency of the first filter processor is set. A first determiner determines whether or not a point light source is included in the subject. A calculator calculates an evaluation value from the luminance signal included in the image signal in the focus area. A focuser performs focus control based on the evaluation value. When it is determined that the point light source is included in the subject, the calculator calculates the evaluation value based on outputs of the first and second filter processor.

A DSP-based and multi-channel digital filter chip providing crossover filtering and parametric equalization. Crossovers can be low-pass, high-pass, or band-pass filters with programmable cutoff frequencies. Each equalizer band has independently adjustable center frequency band, and levels over a -60 dB to +16 dB range. The chip can work either with a microprocessor controlling the chip or in a stand-alone mode having the filter settings downloaded automatically from an external EEPROM. The chip is ideal for applications that require precise digital filtering or software programmable filters, and is also an alternative to analog filters, eliminating passive components and reducing circuit size.

An optical element includes a first filter having the function to transmit a component at a lower frequency than a first cutoff frequency in incident light, a second filter having the function to transmit a component at a higher frequency than a second cutoff frequency in the incident light, and a light-receiving element for photoelectrically converting the components transmitted through the first filter and the second filter in the incident light. A metal optical filter composed of a conductor thin film is used as at least one of the first filter and the second filter.

A data modulator unit generates a DQPSK optical signal in accordance with a data signal. A phase shift unit provides a phase difference of π / 2 between a pair of arms. A photodetector converts an output signal of the data modulator unit into an electrical signal. A filter is a low-pass filter with a cut-off frequency lower than a symbol frequency, and filters an output signal of the photodetector. A monitor unit detects power of an output signal of the filter. A phase difference control unit adjusts the amount of phase shift in the phase shift unit so as to minimize power of an output signal of the filter.

An audio processing apparatus includes first and second audio pickup units. The second audio pickup unit includes an audio resistor provided to cover a sound receiving portion to suppress external wind introduction while passing an external audio. A first filter attenuates a signal having a frequency lower than a first cutoff frequency of the output signal of a first A / D converter. A second filter attenuates a signal having a frequency higher than a second cutoff frequency of the output signal of a second A / D converter. A third filter is provided between the first audio pickup unit and the first A / D converter to attenuate a signal having a frequency lower than a third cutoff frequency for suppressing the wind noise.

An improved method for reducing the accuracy requirements on the starting model when performing multi-scale inversion of seismic data (65) by local objective function optimization (64). The different scales of inversion are brought about by incorporating a low-pass filter into the objective function (61), and then decreasing the amount of high-frequency data that is filtered out from one scale to the next. Moreover, the filter is designed to be time varying, wherein the filter's low-pass cutoff frequency decreases with increasing traveltime of the seismic data being filtered (62). The filter may be designed using Pratt's criterion for eliminating local minima, and performing averages (or other statistical measure) of the period and the traveltime error only with respect to source and receiver location but not traveltime (63).

The purely bound electromagnetic modes of propagation supported by waveguide structures comprised of a thin lossy metal film of finite width embedded in an infinite homogeneous dielectric have been characterized at optical wavelengths. One of the fundamental modes supported by the structure exhibits very interesting characteristics and is potentially quite useful. It evolves with decreasing film thickness and width towards the TEM wave supported by the background (an evolution similar to that exhibited by the sb mode in symmetric metal film slab waveguides), its losses and phase constant tending asymptotically towards those of the TEM wave. Attenuation values can be well below those of the sb mode supported by the corresponding metal film slab waveguide. Low mode power attenuation in the neighbourhood of 10 to 0.1 dB / cm is achievable at optical communications wavelengths, with even lower values being possible. Carefully selecting the film's thickness and width can make this mode the only long-ranging one supported. In addition, the mode can have a field distribution that renders it excitable using an end-fire approach. The existence of this mode renders the finite-width metal film waveguide attractive for applications requiring short propagation distances and 2-D field confinement in the transverse plane, enabling various devices to be constructed, such as couplers, splitters, modulators, interferometers, switches and periodic structures. Under certain conditions, an asymmetric structure can support a long-ranging mode having a field distribution that is suitable to excitation using an end-fire technique. Like asymmetric slab waveguides. The attenuation of the long-ranging mode near cutoff decreases very rapidly, much more so than the attenuation related to the long-ranging mode in a similar symmetric structure. The cutoff thickness of a long-ranging mode in an asymmetric finite-width structure is larger than the cutoff thickness of the sb mode in a similar asymmetric slab waveguide. This implies that the long-ranging mode supported by an asymmetric finite-width structure is more sensitive to the asymmetry in the structure compared to the sb mode supported by a similar slab waveguide. This result is interesting and potentially useful in that the propagation of such a mode can be affected by a smaller change in the dielectric constant of the substrate or superstrate compared with similar slab structures.

A mixed time-domain / frequency-domain coding device and method for coding an input sound signal, wherein a time-domain excitation contribution is calculated in response to the input sound signal. A cut-off frequency for the time-domain excitation contribution is also calculated in response to the input sound signal, and a frequency extent of the time-domain excitation contribution is adjusted in relation to this cut-off frequency. Following calculation of a frequency-domain excitation contribution in response to the input sound signal, the adjusted time-domain excitation contribution and the frequency-domain excitation contribution are added to form a mixed time-domain / frequency-domain excitation constituting a coded version of the input sound signal. In the calculation of the time-domain excitation contribution, the input sound signal may be processed in successive frames of the input sound signal and a number of sub-frames to be used in a current frame may be calculated.

A determining section (18) and gain variation amount detecting section (9) detect a period having a possibility of a DC-component offset in an internal circuit of a direct conversion receiver increasing beyond an allowable value due to AGC operation, and during the period, a cut-off frequency of each of high-pass filters (12a to 12d) is set at a frequency higher than that in general operation, thereby rapidly converging transient responses of signals passed through the high-pass filters, while controlling precisely operation timings of reception power measuring section (16), gain calculating section (22), gain control section (23) and circuit power supply control section (24) composing an AGC loop, whereby the DC offset is prevented from increasing and stable circuit operation is assured. It is thereby possible to achieve further reductions in size and power consumption of a CDMA receiver using the direct conversion receiver.

A current sensor of a motor controller detects the current applied to a motor drive circuit and thus a phase where a failure cannot be detected would occur without taking any measures. However, an abnormal current monitor section contained in a microcomputer receives a voltage signal of an average value of the currents detected in the current sensor by allowing a signal to pass through a first LPF having a cutoff frequency sufficiently lower than the frequency of a PWM signal. Therefore, whether or not the value is within a predetermined normal range is checked, whereby whether or not some failure containing a failure of the current sensor occurs can be easily determined about every phase.