142 results about "Chlamydospore" patented technology

The present invention is intended to efficiently produce a large amount of chlamydospores of Trichoderma harzianum SK-5-5 mycelia. This objective is achieved by chlamydospores characterized by having been obtained by inoculating a culture medium containing glucose, yeast extract and polypepton with Trichoderma harzianum SK-5-5 mycelia and culturing the same to thereby obtain chlamydospores containing conidiospores.

The invention relates to a biological preparation, in particular to a Trichodrema spp. microbial agent and a preparation method thereof. The method comprises the following steps: the dried and crushed 8-9 edible fungus chaff according to parts by weight is mixed with 2-4 auxiliary material according to parts by weight, the acidity-alkalinity pH of the mixed raw material is adjusted to 5.0-6.5, then the Trichodrema spp. suspension with 5-10 percent of mass ratio with the mixed raw material is inoculated to the mixed raw material and cultured for 7-10 days at the temperature of 8-30 DEG C, and after the Trichodrema spp. is generated, the well cultured material is dried and crushed to obtain Trichodrema spp. microbial agent. The invention takes the treated edible fungus chaff as the raw material to produce the Trichodrema spp. microbial agent, fully utilizes the rest nutritious substance in the edible fungus chaff as well as the characteristics of loose and permeability of the fungus chaff, promotes the value in use of the fungus chaff of the edible fungus, and simultaneously reduces the production cost of the Trichodrema spp. microbial agent, the produced Trichodrema spp. is mainly chlamydospore, the multiplication capacity and the colonizing capacity of the Trichodrema spp. in the microbial agent are enhanced, the capability of resisting the unfavorable environmental conditions is also enhanced and the survival time of the Trichodrema spp. is prolonged.

The invention relates to a preparation method of trichoderma multifunctional soil modifying agents. The preparation method comprises the steps that: trichoderma harzianum SH2303 with the CGMCC (China General Microbiological Culture Collection Center) NO. 4963 is cultured on a potato dextrose agar (PDA) culture medium for 2 to 3 days, a bacterial cake is punched by a hole puncher with the diameter being 5mm, the bacterial cake is inoculated into a seed culture medium for 5 to 7 days at the bacterium inoculation quantity of three tablets per bottle and is then inoculated into a spore production culture medium, the fermentation is carried out for 5 to 7 days under the optimized culture condition in a 300 L fermentation tank, and the number of thick-wall spores is (6 to 7)*10<8> / mL; and fermenting liquid and carriers are mixed according to the weight ratio of 1:1, the secondary open type solid fermentation is carried out for 5 to 7 days at the normal temperature, and the number of trichoderma conidiospores and chlamydospores is 200 to 500 million / g. The soil modifying agents prepared by the method have the main purposes of improving the primary and secondary salinization of vegetable planting soil and degrading the organic phosphorus pesticide residue soil, and have the effects of treating soil-borne diseases, promoting the crop growth and improving the crop yield. Because only one trichoderma strain is utilized, the fermentation process is easy to optimize, the microbial inoculum preparation cost is low, the commercial large-scale popularization is easy to realize, and high field general use values are reached.

The invention discloses a biological organic fertilizer containing compound bacteria and a preparation method. The method comprises the following steps: mixing a raw material containing an organic matter and plant ash to prepare a material to be fermented; dissolving cellulase and EM bacteria liquid in water to prepare a material fermentation spray liquid; uniformly spraying the fermentation spray liquid onto the material to be fermented, performing anaerobic fermentation for 6-7 days and aerobic fermentation for 15-20 days; then granulating the fermented and decomposed raw material, sprayingplant oil on the fertilizer particles in a coating machine, finally uniformly mixing Trichoderma harzianum chlamydospore powder, Trichoderma viride chlamydospore powder and a powder form bacterium powder carrier in a feed mixer and sending them in the coating machine, and coating the powder mixture above on the particles coated with plant oil. Compared with the prior art, the fertilizer has the advantages of thoroughly decomposing of the raw material, large hardness of the fertilizer particles, less impurity bacterium, high bacterium survival rate, comprehensive nutrition, and obvious diseases prevention and treatment effects to the crops as well as production and efficiency enhancement performance.

A process for preparing the biologic agricultural chemical from trichoderma includes such steps as reproductive culture of trichoderma, fermenting in liquid, inoculating it in the culture medium prepared from cane dregs, wheat bran and rice husk for solid fermenting, culturing at 25-28 deg.C under 60-80% of relative humidity for 4-5 days, culturing at low temp (lower than 12 deg.C) for 2-3 days, drying at 40-50 deg.C for 12-24 hr, adding promoter prepared from diatomite, wheat bran and sulfur, mixing, pulverizing and sieving.

The invention discloses a method for producing trichoderma solid spawn by taking an amino acid hydrolytic solution and rice straw as raw materials. A filamentous fungus Trichoderma harzianum with a good plant rhizosphere growth-promoting effect is utilized, the rice straw rich in lignocellulose and abandoned livestock amino acid hydrolytic solution nutrients are fully utilized under the culture condition of 28 DEG C, rapid growth and spore production are achieved, after solid fermentation is conducted for 5 days to 6 days, the number of chlamydospores of trichoderma guizhouense NJAU4742 reaches up to 2.4*10<10> spore / g, the solid spawn is directly added into a decomposed organic fertilizer, a trichoderma amino acid bio-organic fertilizer of which the number of stable and effective living bacteria is larger than 2*10<8> can be rapidly produced, and the bio-organic fertilizer has a very good rhizosphere growth-promoting effect on tomatoes.

The invention discloses a trichoderma seed coating as well as a preparation method and an application thereof. The seed coating is prepared from trichoderma chlamydospore fermentation broth, a film-forming agent, chitosan oligosaccharide, phenazino-1-carboxylic acid and humic acid, wherein each liter of trichoderma chlamydospore fermentation broth contains 13%-17%(W / V) of the film-forming agent, 0.35%-0.45%(W / V) of the chitosan oligosaccharide, 0.5%-1.5% mu g / ml of phenazino-1-carboxylic acid and 0.05%-0.1%(W / V) of the humic acid. The seed coating is convenient to prepare, high in efficiency, low in toxicity and relatively safe to environment, performs coating easily and has good control effect on soil-borne diseases of corn.

The invention provides a preparation method of a microbial organic fertilizer. The method comprises the following steps: (1) chlamydospore preparation by carrying out submerged fermentation on Trichoderma harzianum strains with preservation number of CGMCC NO:5812 to produce chlamydospores; (2) manure particle preparation by mixing manure, humic acid and water, and inoculating deodorizing bacteria for fermentation deodorization and granulating and drying to obtain the manure particles; and (3) mixing the manure particles and the chlamydospores. The invention also provides a microbial organic fertilizer obtained from the above preparation method. The invention also provides purpose of the microbial organic fertilizer in control of plant diseases. Through the above technical scheme, the invention can significantly improve the disease control effect of Trichoderma spp.

The present invention is fermentation culture medium formula and fermentation process of deep liquid ventilating fermentation of trichoderma to produce chlamydospore. The present invention has obviously shortened fermentation period, greatly increased chlamydospore yield, and greatly lowered trichoderma fermenting production cost. Furthermore, the chlamydospore produced based on the present invention has vigor and resistance higher than that of chlamydospore produced in traditional method, and is even suitable for production application.

The invention discloses a composite anti-continuous cropping microbial ecological agent specially used in cotton and the application thereof. The anti-continuous cropping microbial ecological agent of the invention takes bacillus subtilis KTB001 CGMCC No.2564 and trichoderma viride KTF001 CGMCC No.2562 as active ingredients, wherein, the content of the gemma of a fungus of the bacillus subtilis KTB001 CGMCC No.2564 is 50 hundred million cfu / g preparation; the content of chlamydospore of trichoderma viride KTF001 CGMCC No.2562 is 5 hundred million cfu / g preparation. The composite anti-continuous cropping microbial ecological agent of the invention can prevent and control cotton seedling diseases and verticillium wilt. Furthermore, the agent has the effectiveness of increasing cotton output, increasing cotton quality and enhancing cotton stress resistance, and the like, is beneficial to improving soil and reducing environmental pollution, and provides safeguard for producing cotton with excellent quality.

The invention discloses a trichoderma engineering strain capable of efficiently expressing a beta-1, 4-glucanase coding gene glu14 of bacillus megaterium Ap25 source. The engineering strain L-10 is obtained by integrating fungus expression vector pSilent / glu14 containing beta-1, 4-glucanase coding gene glu14 in trichoderma viride LTR-2 chromosome with a biological control function of plant disease through a REMI (Restriction Enzyme Mediated Integration) transformation method. Beta-1, 4-glucanase coding gene glu14 can be constitutively and efficiently expressed by the engineering strain L-10, and compared with an original strain LTR-2, the growth rate and the ability of producing conidium are obviously improved. In the industrial production of the engineering strain L-10, a wettable powder is prepared by adopting liquid fermentation and a novel technology of chlamydospore induced and produced by an inducer, and adopting vector such as medical stone, so that the storage life reaches 2 years. Compared with the original strain LTR-2, a greenhouse experiment shows that the prevention effect of the engineering strain L-10 to wheat sharp eyespot and borrytis cinerea is remarkably improved.

This invention refers to isolation and utilization of the fungus Pochonia chlamydosporia var. chlamydosporia strain PcMR in biological control of nematodes, characterized in that it has a high virulence against Meloidogyne spp. in in-vitro microbiologic tests, pot tests and field tests. In these tests, the strain PcMR, isolated in Portugal, have a good performance in the ability to control Meloidogyne spp. populations and shows a good capacity to produce high amounts of chlamydospores used to produce inoculum and to colonize plant roots that might be infected by Meloidogyne spp. This strain can be utilized as part of biological control methods that effectively control root-knot-nematode populations belonging to genus Meloidogyne and this invention refers also to production and utilization of nematicides based on Pochonia chlamydosporia var. chlamydosporia strain PcMR and any organisms derived from this strain.

The invention relates to trichoderma asperellum chlamydospore powder as well as a preparation method thereof and an application. The preparation method of the trichoderma asperellum chlamydospore powder comprises the following steps: conservatively culturing arsenic-resisting activity, purifying, culturing shake-flask seeds, culturing fermented seeds, controlling the fermentation and post-processing. The trichoderma asperellum chlamydospore is high in adversity resistance, the powder of the trichoderma asperellum chlamydospore is slightly subjected to the ambient temperature, acidicity, alkalinity and the like, and the influence of different arsenic concentrations in the environment on the sprouting of the chlamydospore is not obvious. The trichoderma asperellum chlamydospore has strong vitality, the survival time of the trichoderma asperellum chlamydospore is long, the volatilization of arsenic in the soil can be obviously promoted, the total quantity of the arsenic in the soil can be reduced, and the soil polluted by the arsenic can be effectively repaired. By adopting the method, the time for producing a great amount of trichoderma asperellum chlamydospore can be greatly shortened, the production cost of the trichoderma asperellum chlamydospore can be remarkably reduced, and the popularization of the technology can be favored.

The invention belongs to the technical field of microbes, and provides a pilot scale production method for gliocladium roseum chlamydospore by liquid fermentation, and the method comprises medium formula and fermentation parameter control. The liquid medium is composed of 40-50 g / L of cane sugar, 20-25 g / L of bean cake powder, 0.5-2 g / L of potassium dihydrogen phosphate, 0.2-1 g / L of magnesium sulfate and water, and the liquid medium is used for fermentation production of gliocladium roseum HLD-1 chlamydospore, wherein the inoculation amount is 0.2%-2% (volume ratio), the culture condition comprises that: pH is 4-6, the temperature is 26 DEG C-30 DEG C, the stirring speed is 180-250 r / min and the ventilatory capacity is 1:0.2-0.8. The culture time is calculated from inoculation, the spore is germinated when 8 hours pass by, and a large amount of chlamydospore is formed when the culture is 24-40 hours. When the time of liquid fermentation is 3-5 days, the concentration of chlamydospore is 1.5*108 per milliliter. The invention aims at providing a cheaper medium formula with abundant raw material source and an efficient easily-controllable liquid fermentation technology; and by using the method, the large-scale production of gliocladium roseum HLD-1 chlamydospore can be realized, and the method provides guarantee for large-area biocontrol application of gliocladium roseum HLD-1 chlamydospore.

The invention relates to aqueous dispersible granules of viable microbe biopesticide taking trichoderma asperellum chlamydospores as a main component, and a preparation method of the aqueous dispersible granules of viable microbe biopesticide, belonging to the technical field of biopesticide and biochemistry. The preparation method comprises the following steps of: cultivating high-concentration trichoderma asperellum chlamydospores by using a culture medium with efficient composites in a liquid fermentation manner; mixing trichoderma asperellum chlamydospores serving as an active component with a microbial thallus protective agent, a disintegration agent and an adhesive; and pelletizing and drying to finally obtain the aqueous dispersible granules of biopesticide. The aqueous dispersible granules of biopesticide has high content of trichoderma asperellum chlamydospores and strong storage property and ultraviolent resistances, and can disintegrate and disperse quickly after being dissolving in water; the dust flying during the use process is avoided; and the aqueous dispersible granules of biopesticide have the advantages of wettable powder and aqueous suspending agents, so the stability of the microbial pesticide preparations in prevention and control of plant diseases is improved greatly.

The invention relates to a trichoderma chlamydospore wettable powder composition and a preparing method thereof. The trichoderma chlamydospore wettable powder composition includes 15 to 20 parts by weight of a trichoderma chlamydospore powder, 3 to 7 parts by weight of a wetting agent, 3 to 10 parts by weight of a dispersing agent, 0 to 3 parts by weight of a UV protection agent, and other component which is a carrier and is added to 100 parts by weight. The composition and a trichoderma chlamydospores preparation prepared by the method are used as a biological pesticide; biggest advantages comprise that the preparation is the biological pesticide, does not pollute the environment, can reduce the use of chemical pesticides, and is conducive to environmental protection; compared with a conidiospore preparation, the preparation can prolong the shelf life of the biological pesticide, is saved for 6 months at the normal temperature, and has the spore germination rate of more than 80% which is higher than 60% of the conidiospore preparation; and compared with the conidiospore preparation, the preparation can improve the field prevention effect.

The invention discloses a method for separating ustilaginoidea virens. According to the method, a special spore dispersion filament is matched with a spore dispersion plate, single chlamydospore is directly separated from rice grains suffering from false smut, and a false smut bacterial strain with single genetic composition is formed through culture. The implementation and operation steps of the isolated culture are as follows: 1) collecting and preparing a standard sample of false smut; (2) preparing spore dispersion filaments; (3) preparing a spore dispersion plate; (4) dispersing the chlamydospores; (5) cutting out discrete single chlamydospores; and (6) culturing the monospores and forming monospore strains. The method has the following advantages: 1) a key appliance for separating spores is simple and easy to manufacture, and the separation operation is simple and easy; 2) single spore strains can be separated and obtained at one time; 3) the separation work consumes less time and labor; and 4) the working efficiency of Ustilaginoidea virens separation and the reliability of the separation result can be obviously improved.

The invention provides a method for preparing a large quantity of chlamydospore of Gliocladium virens, which comprises a culture medium formula and culture technology. A liquid medium comprises the following compositions: 20 to 25 grams per liter of glucose, 1 to 3 grams per liter of bean cake powder, 1 to 3 grams per liter of urea, 0.005 to 0.05 gram per liter of ferrous sulfate, 0.75 to 1.5 grams per liter of dipotassium hydrogen phosphate and distilled water. The liquid medium is used for fermentation culture of Gliocladium virens which have superparasitic function on various plant pathogenic fungi (such as sclerotinia, gray mold, banded sclerotial blight and pine root fungi). The culture time is calculated beginning from inoculation, and the chlamydospore of the Gliocladium virens begins to be greatly generated after 36 to 48 hours and is respectively and independently separated. The invention aims to provide the culture medium formula with lower price and rich sources of raw materials, wherein a large quantity of the chlamydospore of the Gliocladium virens can be prepared by utilization of the culture medium formula; and the repeatability is good and the cost is greatly reduced under the condition of liquid fermentation culture, so as to guarantee the biological activity and the prevention and treatment effect of the spores in production and application.

A liquid culture medium for culturing Duddingtonia flagrans and a preparation method of chlamydospore thereof belongs to the field of prevention and treatment technology of gastrointestinal parasitic disease of livestock. The liquid culture medium mainly contains potato juice and trace amount of salt, and is filled in a 100 to 1,000 mL triangular flask or a 5 to 15 L fermentation tank by a volume of 1 / 3 to 1 / 5 of the container volume. The liquid culture medium can be used for preparing seeds of Duddingtonia flagrans and enlarging fermentation production after high-pressure sterilization. The technology has abundant and cost-effective raw materials, which facilitates the reduction of production cost, the alleviation of labor intensity, the improvement of a strain preparation as well as the improvement of scale production and industrialization level of the preparation. The technology can be used for fermentatively culturing Duddingtonia flagrans, which can provide seeds for batch production of chlamydospore of Duddingtonia flagrans and can be directly used for the production of chlamydospore.

The invention provides Gliocladium roseum chlamydospore and a method for producing wettable powder thereof, belonging to the technical field of biological pesticides. In the invention, the method of solid state fermentation is adopted, the fermentation temperature and oxygen supply are controlled to produce the Gliocladium roseum chlamydospore; and compost with the chlamydospore is dried and smashed to prepare the wettable power by adding a corresponding addition agent. The invention aims to provide a method for producing the Gliocladium roseum chlamydospore in a large scale at low cost to solve the problem that Conidium has short survival time and shelf life and ensures biological activity and preventive effects of the Gliocladium roseum chlamydospore in production and application. Meanwhile, the method solves the problem that spore recovery rate is low in the preparation process of the Gliocladium roseum chlamydospore and provides a method for preparing the wettable powder of the Gliocladium roseum chlamydospore, which features low cost and simpleness in operation. The Gliocladium roseum chlamydospore and the wettable powder thereof can be applied to treating multiple vegetable diseases, including gray mold, seed-borne diseases and soil-borne diseases.

The inoculation method for initiating green smut rice to further develop disease-resisting and breeding research of rice includes the following steps: preparing inoculum body, using clear water to shake and elute and chlamydospore of smut ball surface, shake culture for 5-15 days to obtain spore-hypha fragment suspension, then inoculating the prepared inoculum body on the rice so as to make the disease percentage of green smut be up to above 80%.

The invention relates to an effective Ustilaginoidea virens separation method, and belongs to the technical field of microbe. The method comprises the steps of: scraping a small amount of chlamydospore powder on surfaces of false smut balls with a pricking needle; placing the powder in a sterile petri dish; adding 0.5mL of sterile water suspension chlamydospores; then diluting the chlamydospore suspension by 2-3 gradients, with the ratio of the chlamydospore suspension to sterile water being 1:5 in a 1.8mL Eppendorf tube through a gradient dilution method; transferring 0.2mL of the diluted chlamydospore suspension to surface of a Wakimoto toceshi solid culture medium for separation (containing 50 mug / ml chloramphenicol); smearing evenly; inversely placing the petri dish into an incubator at 28 DEG C for dark culture; and effectively separating out target pathogens six days later. The method provided by the invention obviously weakens interference effect of infectious microbe in chlamydospores of rice false smut balls, has very simple operation procedure, is suitable for separation of rice false smut balls stored at normal temperature or 4 DEG C in a refrigerator within 3 months, and has the best separation effect on rice false smut ball bacteria just acquired in the field.

The invention provides a high-yielding method of Trichoderma harzianum chlamydospore. Trichoderma harzianum is subjected to culture activation, first-level liquid seed solution preparing and second-level liquid seed solution preparing, and then a solid fermentation method is used for fermentation to generate the chlamydospore. A solid fermentation medium for solid fermentation comprises maize straw powder, bean pulp powder and inorganic salt. According to the production method of the Trichoderma harzianum chlamydospore, a large quantity of chlamydospore can be generated, the maximum matrix chlamydospore quantity can reach 1.81 * 109 cfu / g, the fermentation unit is high, waste materials cannot be generated during a production process, environment is protected, and pollution is avoided. The spore-matrix mixture obtained through fermentation can be directly used for crop biocontrol after being dried.

The invention relates to the technical field of separating and preserving ustilaginoidea virens, in particular to a simple method for separating and preserving the ustilaginoidea virens. The separation method comprises the following steps that fresh yellow, green and black rice false smut ball samples are collected from an attacked rice field, drying is conducted at the room temperature for 7-10 d for standby application; rice false smut balls of which the covering depth of chlamydospore powder is larger than 1 mm are selected in the collected samples and placed on an ultra-clean working table, and sterilization is conducted through an ultraviolet lamp for 30-40 min; single-grain rice false smut balls are taken through tweezers under the aseptic condition, and a small amount of chlamydospore powder on the surfaces of the rice false smut balls is shaken off slightly on a PSA culture medium; 150-200 microliters of sterile water is taken through a pipette and drips on a PSA flat plate containing chlamydospore. By means of the simple method for separating and preserving the ustilaginoidea virens, the ustilaginoidea virens can be separated to the objective strains rapidly and preserved, the problems that time is consumed, and the efficiency is low during separation of the ustilaginoidea virens are solved, and meanwhile the problems that in the preservation process of the strains, the pathogenicity is deteriorated, and the space is occupied and consumed are solved.

The invention discloses a trichoderma sp. chlamydospore microcapsule for preventing and treating plant diseases. The trichoderma sp. chlamydospore microcapsule comprises trichoderma sp. chlamydospores, a binder and a protective agent. The preparation method comprises 1, providing a trichoderma sp. chlamydospore fermentation liquor and 2, mixing the trichoderma sp. chlamydospore fermentation liquor, the binder and the protective agent and carrying out spray drying to obtain the microcapsule preparation. The trichoderma sp. chlamydospore microcapsule can be used for preventing and treating plant soil borne diseases and especially has effects of preventing and treating crucifer clubroot and grape gray mold rot. Compared with a conidiospore preparation produced by the traditional method, the trichoderma sp. chlamydospore microcapsule has strong vitality and adverse resistance, has more functions and is suitable for production and application. The trichoderma sp. chlamydospore microcapsule solves the problems of a short shelf life of the existing trichoderma sp. biopesticide, large scale production infeasibility of the existing trichoderma sp. biopesticide and dust in application and production.

The invention discloses a pesticide seed coating agent, a seed coating agent film forming material and a preparation method of the seed coating agent. According to the invention, active chlamydospore of bacteria fermentation broth is added into a film forming material prepared from polyethylene glycol, xanthan gum and methyl cellulose, and then the seeds are wrapped. The seed coating agent is uniform in appearance and not easy to drop, and does not influence budding rate, wherein number of the Trichoderma chlamydospore on each seed is not less than 10<4> CFU; and the seed coating agent can effectively protect seeds in a germination stage.

A process for greatly producing chlamydospores by liquid fermentation of verticillium chlamydosporium features that on the basis of previous technique, the solid bacterial strain instead of liquid one is used, and the depressant composed of thiophanate-methyl, carbendazim and sodium silicoalginate is added to create the condition benefiting growth of chlamydospores.

The present invention relates to a biological control preparation for controlling plant parasite nematode. It makes said strain undergo the processes of solid or liquid culture to obtain somatic culture including hypha, conidium and chlamydospore, and mixes said somatic culture with crab shell powder, shrimp shell powder, chitin, active carbon or straw carbon and other auxiliary materials and adsorption carrier together according to a certain ratio, and then make them into powder or microgranules preparation for controlling plant parasite nematode.

The invention relates to an active component extracted by using Bacillus licheniformis and application thereof, belonging to the technical field of biological pesticides. The active component is extracted by the following steps of: taking Bacillus licheniformis N27 with the preservation number of CGMCC No:3585 as a producing strain; fermenting the B. licheniformis N27 with liquid, wherein a culture medium contains 200g of potatoes, 20 g of glucose and 1000ml of water, and the fermenting conditions are that the temperature is 25-32 DEG C and the rotate speed is 150-250 rpm, and culturing for 2-5 days by a shaker; decompressing and condensing the obtained fermentation liquor to obtain crude extract; and separating the crude extract sequentially with silica gel H, C18 and SephadexLH-20 to obtain the active component Z. The active component is a metabolite which ensures that fungus cultured in a conventional culture medium can effectively and fast form chlamydospore, has low use level and is applied in the preparation of biological pesticides.

The invention relates to a pasty biocontrol preparation for strawberry greensickness, and a preparation method, application and a special strain thereof. The classification designation of the special strain is Trichoderma asperellum GY20, and the collection number is CGMCC NO:4899. The pasty biocontrol preparation provided by the invention takes hyphae and chlamydospores of the Trichoderma asperellum GY20 as active components of the preparation. According to the invention, the pasty biocontrol preparation has the biggest advantage of stable product quality, and can be stored for 18 months at room temperature and 3 years under refrigeration conditions; the pasty biocontrol preparation has favorable control effect on strawberry greensickness; and waste water, waste gas and waste residues are never generated, thereby being beneficial to environmental protection.