124 results about "Vapour pressure of water" patented technology

This method of upgrading a biomass comprises: an upgrading step for performing upgrading treatment of a cellulose based biomass with an oxygen / carbon atomic ratio of at least 0.5, in presence of water and under a pressure of at least saturated water vapor pressure, and reducing said oxygen / carbon atomic ratio of said biomass to no more than 0.38, and a separation step for separating an upgraded reactant obtained from said upgrading step into a solid component and a liquid component.

The invention relates to foaming type thermoplastic polyurethane particles and a preparation method thereof. The particles are prepared from the following components in parts by weight: 100 parts of thermoplastic polyurethane elastomer particles, 0.1-5 parts of a pore nucleating agent and 1-40 parts of a foaming agent. The average diameter of the foaming type thermoplastic polyurethane particles which is prepared by mixing the thermoplastic polyurethane elastomer particles and the pore nucleating agent in a certain ratio is 1-4mm, so that the particles can be easily charged, and can be fused and molded at a relatively low water vapor pressure during a moulding process; and a molded foam product prepared from the foaming type thermoplastic polyurethane particles has the advantages of small deformation, low size shrinkage rate relative to the die, excellent size stability and attractive appearance.

The invention relates to a mechanical steam recompression continuous evaporative crystallization system and a mechanical steam recompression continuous evaporative crystallization method. The system comprises an evaporation unit and a crystallization unit, wherein the evaporation unit and the crystallization unit are both provided with water steam compressors; material liquid enters the evaporation unit to be evaporated and subsequently is subjected to gas-liquid separation; the separated secondary steam enters a steam compressor to be compressed, and subsequently enters the crystallization unit to be used as heat source heating material liquid; the material liquid which is evaporated and compressed in an evaporator enters the crystallization unit to be crystallized; the secondary steam generated by crystallization enters the steam compressor to be compressed, subsequently enters the crystallization unit and is used as a heat source for heating the materials in the crystallization unit so as to crystallize the materials; and the crystallized materials are discharged. The system is compact in equipment, small in occupied area and small in desired space, and a cooling system can be omitted; and the secondary steam in the evaporation and crystallization process is sufficiently utilized, the latent heat is recycled, and the heat efficiency is improved.

The present invention provides a cooling protective glove to easily and effectively cool the human hand. By natural air and water vapor convection and associated conduction of heat, or the forced flow of other safe gases at an appropriate velocity and pressure, as required, and channeling it by means of an internally molded intrinsic distribution network that is incorporated into the glove. The natural cooling results from providing flow passages for air and water vapor pressure differentials between the parts of the hand, inside the protective glove and the cooler outside ambient conditions. Supplemental cooling may be achieved from a source of a cooling medium.

The invention provides stable lithium niobate waveguides, and systems and methods for making same. In accordance with one aspect of the invention, a waveguide includes a lithium niobate substrate having an upper surface; and a soft proton-exchanged layer embedded within the substrate, the soft proton-exchanged layer formed by exposing the lithium niobate substrate to a proton exchange solution including a proton exchange acid and a lithium salt of the proton exchange acid at a temperature of less than an atmospheric boiling point of the solution, followed by annealing the lithium niobate substrate under a vapor pressure of water preselected to inhibit protons in the substrate from forming water and evaporating from the upper surface of the substrate. The preselected water vapor pressure may be between 0.1 atm and about 0.9 atm, for example, between about 0.4 atm and about 0.6 atm, in one embodiment about 0.47 atm.

A reactor containment vessel cooling technology for preventing the cooling capability and structural integrity of a reactor containment vessel cooling system from decreasing by lowering the temperature of water vapor and gases acquired by the reactor containment vessel cooling system is provided. Based on the technology, the present invention provides a reactor containment vessel cooling system that acquires water vapor in a reactor containment vessel by using water vapor pressure in the vessel as a drive force, condenses the acquired water vapor into condensate, and cools the reactor containment vessel with the condensate. The reactor containment vessel cooling system includes a heat exchange pool 21 that is arranged apart from a dry well 15 and a suppression chamber 16 in the reactor containment vessel 10 and stores a medium for cooling water vapor, a heat exchanger 22 that is immersed in the heat exchange pool 21, acquires water vapor from the dry well 15 in the reactor containment vessel 10, and performs heat exchange between the eater vapor and the cooling medium in the heat exchange pool 21 to generate condensate, and a condensate drain pipe 25 that extracts the condensate from the heat exchanger 22 and guides and discharges the condensate toward a reactor pressure vessel 12.

An energy converting method includes absorbing external ambient heat to be vaporized quickly then changing to be steam and making temperature of external ambient be lowered by controlling pressure of closed system and by utilizing different saturated vapour pressure of water or alcohol under different temperature when water or alcohol is at high temperature working area, then sending steam to low temperature working area to let it release heat to external ambient for raising temperature of external ambient and condensing steam to be liquid state, using above process to form energy conversion circulation. The device for realizing said method is also disclosed.

A system for performing respirometry in the field that has the following: a) a sample inlet; b) a filter connected to the sample inlet and to a mass flow meter, to prevent the entry of particulate matter; c) a pump connected to the mass flow meter; d) a plurality of analyzers connected to the pump to maintain flow through the analyzers, the plurality of analyzers comprising at least i) an oxygen analyzer; ii) a carbon dioxide analyzer; iii) a barometric pressure measurement means, plumbed either to ambient pressure, pressure within the flow system, or to both; iv) a water vapor analyzer to measure relative humidity (RH) in the sampled air; and v) a temperature sensor near the water vapor analyzer; e) a data acquisition system that translates into digital form data from the plurality of analyzers; f) a data management system that incorporates data from the analyzers and performs calculations to at least determine percentages of oxygen and carbon dioxide corrected for water vapor pressure; g) a control system integrated into the apparatus to provide user control over at least some of the calculations; and h) a display for readouts of the plurality of analyzers and results of the calculations.

The invention discloses a device and a method for radioactive waste water concentration treatment, which belongs to the technical field of environment protection. A high-polymer hollow fiber type membrane assembly of hydrophobic materials is used as a main body, and the separation between radioactive nuclide and water is realized through controlling the temperature of solution at both sides of a membrane by using water vapor differential pressure as the pushing force, so the goal of concentrating the waste water is reached. The method has the advantages that the flow process is simple, the operation is easy, the decontamination factor is high, the concentration factor is high, the adaptability is high, and the combination with other processes is easy. The water outlet quality of the wastewater can reach the discharge standard only through one-step membrane distillation.

A method for binding a micro device to a substrate is provided. The method includes: locally showering a gas on a portion of the substrate, wherein the gas has a water vapor pressure higher than an ambient water vapor pressure; and placing the micro device over the portion of the substrate after a part of water in the gas is condensed to form a liquid layer on the portion of the substrate and contacting the micro device with the liquid layer, so that the micro device is gripped by a capillary force produced by the liquid layer and is substantially held in a position within a controllable region on the substrate.

The invention discloses a recovery system and a recovery method for dimethylacetamide in ultra-filtration membrane production wastewater. The recovery method comprises that 1) wastewater is preheatedwith steam by a feed material preheater, and the preheated wastewater is fed into a refining tower; 2) the gas phase component of the refining tower top is pressurized by a water vapor compressor to form superheated steam, one part of the superheated steam is used as the heat source of the feed material preheater to heat a feed material, and the remaining part is used as the heating heat source for a middle reboiler; 3) the tower top material after the heat exchange enters the condenser of the refining tower, and is condensed through air cooling, the condensed material is fed into the reflow tank of the refining tower, one part as the refining tower reflux returns to the refining tower, and the other part is extracted as reused water so as to be recycled; 4) a DMAC product is extracted from the side line of the refining tower; and 5) the refining tower kettle discharge material is heated by the reboiler of the refining tower, one part of the heated material is used as the tower kettledischarge material, and enters a high boiling point material treatment system, and one part is circulated to the tower kettle of the refining tower. With the system and the method of the present invention, the consumption of the circulation water is reduced so as to achieve the energy saving effect.

An active moisture control barrier is provided which comprises a layer of shape memory polymer and a heating arrangement associated with the layer of shape memory polymer. The barrier may be used to provide an active humidity controlled space having an enclosure with walls to separate an interior of the enclosure from an environment surrounding the enclosure. An opening in one of the walls allows communication between the interior of the enclosure with the environment. A layer of shape memory polymer is provided at the opening to isolate the interior of the enclosure from the environment. A control may be provided for the heating arrangement to allow for a heating of the layer to a level as controlled or set by a user. An air passage conduit may extend from the interior of the enclosure through a zone of relatively higher water vapor pressure. The air passage conduit may be formed, at least in part, of shape memory polymer to allow water vapor to migrate from the zone of relatively higher water vapor pressure into the interior of the enclosure thereby adding moisture into the enclosure.

A cryopump regeneration method includes a temperature raising step of raising the temperature of a cryopanel so as to vaporize gas molecules condensed on the exhaust surface of the cryopanel, an evacuation step of evacuating a pump vessel, a determination step of determining whether the internal pressure of the pump vessel has reached a set pressure higher than the water vapor pressure at 0° C., a pressure rise test step of stopping the evacuation and performing a pressure rise test, and an observation step of observing residual water based on the internal pressure of the pump vessel.

A device for separating pollutants in garbage leachates is provided with an input liquid pump connected in turn by pipelines, an endothermic channel of a preheating heat exchange device, an endothermic channel of a phase transition heat exchange device, and a gas-liquid separation device; a gas output terminal of the gas-liquid separation device is connected in turn to a water vapor compressor, a heating channel of the phase transition heat exchange device, a heating channel of the preheating heat exchange device, and a condensate water output terminal; a liquid output terminal of the gas-liquid separation device is connected to the endothermic channel output terminal of the phase transition heat exchange device by a circulating liquid pump, and an output terminal of the circulating liquid pump is connected to a residual liquid output terminal by a derivation liquid pump. The invention can increase the concentration of the pollutants separated from garbage leachates and decrease the volume so as to realize the economical and complete sealing disposal of the pollutants and realize the zero discharge of the pollutants. Meanwhile, the invention can realize the complete recovery and recycling of latent heat and sensible heat, can greatly decreace the operation cost, and has the advantages of high efficiency, saved energy, and reduced consumption.

The invention relates to an MVR wastewater evaporation and concentration system which comprises an evaporator for evaporating raw material wastewater and a separator for separating a water-gas mixture generated in the evaporator. Concentrated waste liquid generated in the separator flows back into the separator through a concentrated water pump to realize circulating flow, and secondary steam obtained by separation of the separator after being pressurized by a water steam compressor enters the evaporator to form a heat source for heating the raw material wastewater. The concentrated waste liquid in the separator is ensured to constantly flow through the concentrated pump and ensured to be uniform in concentration, the problems of pipeline blockage and system instability caused by crystallizing in the separator when the raw material wastewater is concentrated to be close to saturated are effectively prevented, and energy consumption of the system is lowered. In addition, heat generated by the system itself is circularly utilized, so that running cost of the system is lowered, and applicability and reliability of an existing MVR evaporation and concentration device are improved.

This method of upgrading a biomass comprises: an upgrading step for performing upgrading treatment of a cellulose based biomass with an oxygen / carbon atomic ratio of at least 0.5, in presence of water and under a pressure of at least saturated water vapor pressure, and reducing said oxygen / carbon atomic ratio of said biomass to no more than 0.38, and a separation step for separating an upgraded reactant obtained from said upgrading step into a solid component and a liquid component.

A method for measuring the concentration of a component gas in a gas stream in the presence of water vapor comprises introducing a gas stream into a gas analyzer, measuring in the gas analyzer the concentration of the component gas and storing a value representing the measured concentration, measuring the water vapor pressure in the gas analyzer and storing a value representing the measured water vapor pressure; and measuring the total pressure of the gas stream and storing a value representing the measured total pressure of the gas stream.

The invention provides a high temperature heat pump circulation system by adopting natural working medium water and a working method of the high temperature heat pump circulation system. The high temperature heat pump circulation system comprises a water working medium heat pump circulation system, a water vapor compressor water replenishment system, a waste heat source water supplying system anda high temperature water outlet system. The water working medium heat pump circulation system and the water vapor compressor water replenishment system are connected through a water circulation pipe and a water vapor compressor. The waste heat source water supplying system and the water working medium heat pump circulation system are connected through an evaporator. The high temperature water outlet system and the water working medium heat pump circulation system are connected through a condenser. According to the high temperature heat pump circulation system, the natural working medium waterserves as a circulation working medium of the system, waste heat in waste heat sources is effectively recycled, high temperature outlet water is provided for being used by a user, and the temperatureof the outlet water can reach 120 DEG C or above; and meanwhile, the natural working medium water serves as the circulation working medium of the system, damage of chlorofluorocarbon artificial synthetic working mediums to the environment is avoided, the environment is effectively protected, and the effects of energy saving, emission reduction and environmental protection are achieved.

The invention provides a dosing control method of phosphate in a middle-low pressure boiler. The dosing control method of phosphate in the middle-low pressure boiler is especially suitable for water quality monitoring of a middle-low pressure waste heat type boiler, wherein the steam pressure at the boiler outlet of the boiler is below 6.0 MPa; and the method can be used for controlling the automatic dosing amount of phosphate according to an electrical conductivity value. According to the dosing control method of phosphate in the middle-low pressure boiler, the adding amount of phosphate meets the requirement under any condition.

The embodiment of the invention provides a method and a device for determining the adsorption quantity of a water-containing shale. The method comprises the following steps: obtaining a water-containing shale sample; performing an water-containing shale isothermal adsorption experiment on the water-containing shale sample to detect a first experimental equilibrium pressure, a first reference equilibrium pressure and a first communication adsorption equilibrium pressure; calculating the saturated water vapor pressure, and using the saturated water vapor pressure to respectively correct the above measured pressure data in order to obtain a second experimental equilibrium pressure, a second reference equilibrium pressure and a second communication adsorption equilibrium pressure; and determining the adsorption quantity of the water-containing shale according to the second experimental equilibrium pressure, the second reference equilibrium pressure and the second communication adsorption equilibrium pressure. The interference of water evaporation in the adsorption experiment is considered, the saturated water vapor pressure is used to correct the experimentally detected pressure data,and the corrected pressure data are used to determine the adsorption quantity of the water-containing shale, so the technical problems of poor accuracy and large error in the prior art are solved.

The invention provides a degradation treatment process for waste residues of cyanide tailings. The degradation treatment process comprises the following steps: firstly, filling the waste residues of the cyanide tailings into a rotary drum type still kettle, hydrolyzing by virtue of vapor to remove a part of cyanides,; and then, lowering pressure of the vapor and introducing ozone to oxidize and further remove the cyanides at the same time. According to the degradation treatment process, a hydrolysis process and an oxidization process are combined, so that a problem that the mass transfer of the cyanide tailings and an oxidant is solved by virtue of the rotary barrel type reactor. The degradation treatment process is low in requirement on pressure of equipment, low in a vapor temperature, gentle in a reaction condition and low in process cost.

A system to perform a vapor compression refrigeration cycle using water as the refrigerant is provided and includes an evaporator to output water vapor having a water vapor temperature of a first temperature and a water vapor pressure of a first pressure, a condenser to output liquid water at a second temperature, which is higher than the first temperature, and a second pressure, which is higher than the first pressure and a compressor, operably disposed downstream from the evaporator and upstream from the condenser, to compress the water vapor to thereby increase the water vapor temperature from the first temperature and to thereby increase the water vapor pressure from the first pressure by at least a 7:1 ratio.

The invention provides a mechanical flash type air conditioning refrigeration system and a working method thereof, and belongs to the technical field of refrigeration. The system uses water as a working medium, and compared with a conventional refrigeration system using freon as the working medium, the mechanical flash type air conditioning refrigeration system has the advantage that the circulating working medium is free of any environmental hazards; and chilled water obtained by flash evaporation in the working process directly exchanges heat with indoor air, the cold release only requires one-stage heat exchange, the system cold loss is small, the operation condition of a water vapor compressor is improved, the operation energy consumption of the water vapor compressor is reduced, and the system has a relatively high refrigeration coefficient. According to the system, the frequency of the water vapor compressor is adjusted during a night valley electricity price period so that the flash refrigerating capacity of the system can be increased; and cold accumulation is carried out through a flash tank, and cold is released during a high-electricity-price period so that the peak load shifting of the electric power resources can be realized, and meanwhile, the operation cost of the system is reduced. The mechanical flash type air conditioning refrigeration system has the advantages of being energy-saving, environmentally friendly and the like.

The invention relates to a CaF2 material for absorbing trace water in HF gas and a preparation method thereof. The CaF2 material is synthesized by taking Na3C6H5O7.2H2O as a complexing agent, Ca(CH3COO)2 as a calcium source and NaBF4 as a fluorine source through a hydrothermal method; the mol ratio of the Ca(CH3COO)2 to the Na3C6H5O7.2H2O to the NaBF4 is 1 to 5 to 2. The CaF2 material prepared bythe method has good thermal stability, has excellent water absorption performance under ultralow water vapor pressure and can be used for effectively absorbing the trace water in the HF gas to prepareHF high-purity electronic gas.

A method of enhancing the concentration of a first inorganic compound in a first aqueous solution of a first process of a heavy chemical plant, the method comprising (a) feeding the first solution having the first compound at a first concentration and a first water vapor pressure to an osmotic membrane distillation means comprising a hydrophobic, gas and water vapor permeable membrane separating (i) a first chamber for receiving the first solution, from (ii) a second chamber for receiving a receiver feed aqueous solution having a second water vapor pressure lower than the first water vapor pressure; (b) feeding the receiver aqueous feed solution to the second chamber as to effect transfer of water vapor through the membrane from the first chamber to the second chamber, and to produce (i) a resultant first solution having a second concentration of the first compound greater than the first concentration and (ii) a diluted receiver feed aqueous solution; and (c) collecting the resultant first solution. The apparatus and method are of particular value in electrolytic haloalkali production plants in offering reduced capital and operating re-concentration and dilution costs.