1027results about "Pressurized chemical process" patented technology

A method of growing a thin film onto a substrate placed in a reaction chamber according to the ALD method by subjecting the substrate to alternate and successive surface reactions. The method includes providing a first reactant source and providing an inactive gas source. A first reactant is fed from the first reactant source in the form of repeated alternating pulses to a reaction chamber via a first conduit. The first reactant is allowed to react with the surface of the substrate in the reaction chamber. Inactive gas is fed from the inactive gas source into the first conduit via a second conduit that is connected to the first conduit at a first connection point so as to create a gas phase barrier between the repeated alternating pulses of the first reactant entering the reaction chamber. The inactive gas is withdrawn from said first conduit via a third conduit connected to the first conduit at a second connection point.

Enhanced macromixing, mesomixing, and micromixing of multiple discrete reactant streams, particularly for precipitation reactions of low density pumpable fluids, are obtained by controlled continuous high pressure multiple reactant streams flowing into a chemical mixer / reactor. Individual reactant streams are pressurized to about 8,000 to 50,000 psi and achieve velocities up to about 250 meters / second in the final stage of the chemical mixer / reactor. Reactant flows are controlled by a combination of a fixed restriction and a variable driving pump.

A method of cleaning post deposition deposits from a processing chamber by providing a chlorine gas (Cl2), forming chlorine radicals and reacting the chlorine radicals with the deposits.

An assembly for High-Pressure High-Temperature (HPHT) processing comprising a can, a cap, a meltable sealant and sealant barrier, and a superhard mixture comprising superhard particles. The superhard particles may be positioned adjacent a substrate of cemented metal carbide. The can and cap contain the superhard mixture with the sealant barrier positioned within the assembly so as to be intermediate the sealant and at least a portion of the mixture, thereby preventing the sealant from coming in contact with the mixture during processing. The assembly is placed within a vacuum chamber and heated to a temperature sufficient to cleanse the assembly and then melt the sealant providing a hermetic seal for the assembly in preparation for further HPHT processing.

This invention relates to a novel process for sustainable CO2-free production of hydrogen and carbon by thermocatalytic decomposition (or dissociation, pyrolysis, cracking) of hydrocarbon fuels over carbon-based catalysts in the absence of air and / or water. The process is applicable to any hydrocarbon fuel, including sulfurous fuels. Combination of a catalytic reactor with a gas separation unit allows to produce high purity hydrogen (at least, 99.0 v %) completely free of carbon oxides. In a preferred embodiment, sustainable continuous production of hydrogen and carbon is achieved by both internal and external activation of carbon catalysts. Internal activation of carbon catalyst is accomplished by recycling of hydrogen-depleted gas containing unsaturated and aromatic hydrocarbons back to the reactor. External activation can be achieved via surface gasification of carbon catalysts by hot combustion gases during catalyst heating. The process can conveniently be integrated with any type of fuel cell.

The invention provides a method for forming particles of a target substance, comprising (a) co-introducing into a particle formation vessel, under controlled temperature and pressure, a supercritical or near-critical anti-solvent fluid; a “target solution or suspension” of the target in a first vehicle; and a second vehicle which is soluble in the anti-solvent fluid; and (b) using the anti-solvent to disperse the target solution / suspension and the second vehicle, and to extract the vehicles, substantially simultaneously and substantially immediately on introduction of the fluids into the particle formation vessel, wherein the second vehicle is immiscible with the first, and wherein contact between the target solution / suspension and the second vehicle occurs a sufficiently short period of time before their dispersion by the anti-solvent, and with sufficient physical mixing, as to allow only insignificant, if any, phase separation to occur between the two vehicles between their contact with one another and their dispersion

A method for treating biomass was developed that uses an apparatus which moves a biomass and dilute aqueous ammonia mixture through reaction chambers without compaction. The apparatus moves the biomass using a non-compressing piston. The resulting treated biomass is saccharified to produce fermentable sugars.

Described herein is a fuel processor that produces hydrogen from a fuel source. The fuel processor comprises a reformer and burner. The reformer includes a catalyst that facilitates the production of hydrogen from the fuel source. Voluminous reformer chamber designs are provided that increase the amount of catalyst that can be used in a reformer and increase hydrogen output for a given fuel processor size. The burner provides heat to the reformer. One or more burners may be configured to surround a reformer on multiple sides to increase thermal transfer to the reformer. Dewars are also described that increase thermal management of a fuel processor and increase burner efficiency. A dewar includes one or more dewar chambers that receive inlet air before a burner receives the air. The dewar is arranged such that air passing through the dewar chamber intercepts heat generated in the burner before the heat escapes the fuel processor.

A process, system, and apparatus for effectively and economically producing fermentable sugars from cellulosic feedstocks is described. The economic viability of using wood and / or agricultural waste, containing large fractions of cellulose and hemicellulose is highly dependent on the method used for hydrolysis. Underlying the gist of this invention are newly discovered methods, means, and techniques by which both the pentosans and hexosans comprising the hemicellulose fraction of the selected feedstock and the hexosans comprising the cellulose fraction of the selected feedstock can be quickly and efficiently converted in a single pass through a single device to fermentable sugars containing minimal quantities of degradation products known to inhibit fermentation. Successful operation of this new hydrolysis process employing a new reactor design can produce fermentable sugars at rates and efficiencies previously thought unattainable by reducing the number of processing steps, pieces of equipment, and unit operation previously used.

The invention relates to a production device for steam explosion pretreatment of biomass, in particular to a pretreatment device for the industry of biomass utilization, and provides a numerically controlled continuous steam explosion machine, which can complete supersonic steam explosion in milliseconds (0.00875s) based on the principle of a sliding cover. Since the cross-sectional area of the steam explosion machine for gas discharging, i.e. the cross-sectional area of the sliding cover, is equal to the cross-sectional area of a high-pressure cylinder, the cross-sectional area of the steam explosion machine for gas discharging and the steam explosion treatment volume form a fixed ratio, the problem that the gas discharging time is prolonged along with increase in the treatment volume in the traditional hot blowing process can be solved, and the power and density of steam explosion can be increased by three orders of magnitude. Moreover, the 'rawness and maturity' of materials which are subjected to batch treatment can be kept identical, and a foundation is laid for the consistency of industrial biochemical treatment. Meanwhile, the machine has the function of feeding and discharging materials automatically and the continuous steam explosion production can be realized.

In one aspect, a vacuum-sealed can is used during the bonding process to improve the properties of an infiltrated TSP cutting element. In one embodiment, ultra hard diamond crystals and a catalyst material are sintered to form a polycrystalline diamond material (PCD). This PCD material is leached to remove the catalyst, forming a thermally stable product (TSP). The TSP material and a substrate are placed into an enclosure such as a can assembly, heated, and subjected to a vacuum in order to remove gas, moisture and other residuals that can inhibit infiltration of the infiltrant into the TSP layer. The can assembly is then subjected to high temperature, high pressure bonding to bond the TSP material to the substrate. During bonding, material from the substrate infiltrates the TSP layer.

The reforming of heavy oil with supercritical water or subcritical water is accomplished by mixing together supercriticai water, heavy oil, and oxidizing agent, thereby oxidizing vanadium in heavy oil with the oxidizing agent at the time of treatment with supercritical water and separate vanadium oxide. The separated vanadium oxide is removed by the scavenger after treatment with supercritical water. In this way it is possible to solve the long-standing problem with corrosion of turbine blades by vanadium which arises when heavy oil is used as gas turbine fuel.