The invention belongs to the technical field of medical biology, and particularly discloses an ELISA kit for early diagnosis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. The kit comprises a solid phase carrier and a tumor-associated antigen coated on the solid phase carrier, and the tumor-associated antigen is composed of HMGB1, TLR4, TAK1, ATG5, SLC22A3 and CD38. Furthermore, the kit also comprises a sample diluent, a second antibody, a second antibody diluent, positive control serum, negative control serum, a developing solution, a stop solution and a washing solution. The ELISA kit provided by the invention can effectively detect esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, especially early esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, has detection sensitivity as high as 92.7% and specificity as high as 84.0%,can be used for large-scale screening and diagnosis of asymptomatic people in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma high-incidence areas, and is beneficial to screening and early discovery of asymptomatic high-risk people.