The invention belongs to the technical field of medical image processing and computer vision, and particularly relates to a medical image segmentation method based on deep learning. According to the method, on the basis of U-Net Baseline, multiple technologies such as a multi-scale framework, a dense convolutional network, an attention mechanism, a pyramid model and small sample enhancement are fused, the method is helpful for realizing feature reuse, recovering lost context information, inhibiting response of an unrelated region and improving the performance of a small ROI, solves the problems of few ultrasonic image samples, low pixel, fuzzy boundary, large difference and other pain points, and obtains an optimal segmentation effect.