The invention relates to a one-step preparation method for synthesizing black polystyrene particles. The preparation method uses surfactant to pretreat carbon black so as to ensure that the carbon black is uniformly dispersed in suspending medium water instead of agglomerating; the carbon black is partially coated with organic dispersant so as to reduce the polymerization inhibition effect of the carbon black during polymerization; and as the polymerization proceeds, monomer phase viscosity increases, and carbon black particles are fixed inside a small ball. Therefore, the preparation method avoids the problem that the carbon black is poor in compatibility with polymers, and overcomes the disadvantages of poor black chromaticity, non-uniform carbon black dispersion and the like. The preparation method has the double function of protecting colloidal particles and reducing the polymerization inhibition effect of the carbon black, overcomes the polymerization inhibition effect of the carbon black in the process of polymerizing styrene, avoids the problem that the carbon black is poor in compatibility with polystyrene during a technological process, and simplifies the process of preparing black polystyrene. The preparation method has the advantages of low reaction temperature, simple process, convenient operation, friendliness to environment and low cost.