42results about How to "Achieve inactivation" patented technology

The invention relates to an energy regeneration method for solid organic waste alkaline thermal hydrolysis supernate. Solid organic waste mainly comprises kitchen waste and sludge. The energy regeneration method for the solid organic waste alkaline thermal hydrolysis supernate comprises the following steps that (1) after the organic waste, water and alkali hydrolysis agents are proportioned and mixed in a proportioning and preheating tank, heating is conducted, so that the temperature of the materials in the tank is increased to 30-99 DEG C; (2) the materials in the proportioning and preheating tank are sent into a reaction kettle through a pump for the temperature rise reaction, and finally the temperature of the materials is controlled between 100 DEG C and 140 DEG C, and the reaction continues to be conducted for 90-120 minutes; (3) the materials after the hydrolysis reaction are conveyed into a flash evaporation tank for pressure relief and cooling, so that the temperature of the materials is decreased to 50-100 DEG C; (4) clarified liquid and solid are obtained after solid-liquid separation; and (5) the liquid obtained after solid-liquid separation is delivered into an anaerobic digestion system for anaerobic digestion treatment, and thus marsh gas is generated. By the adoption of the energy regeneration method for the solid organic waste alkaline thermal hydrolysis supernate, toxin removal, stabilization, minimization and energy regeneration of the organic waste can be achieved at a time.

The present invention relates to the method and equipment for purifying drinking water. Electric field is applied to active carbon fiber filtering material, so that current will flow directly through active carbon fiber filtering material while water to be purified flows through the active carbon fiber filtering material, and under water is thus purified under the action of both electric field and flow field. Owing to the collision between pollutant and bacteria with active carbon fiber and direct current action on bacteria to destroy the cell membrane structure, the said method of the present invention can inhibit the growth of the bacteria and kill bacteria without throwing antiseptic.

The invention relates to a hemp fiber manufacturing production line, in particular to a processing system for processing hemp into hemp fiber. The processing system for processing the hemp into the hemp fiber comprises devices for arranging hemp, degumming, dividing fiber and water washing, rinsing and softening, drying, softening and oiling, permeating and health maintaining, crush cutting and teasing, and combing and arranging; a degumming device comprises a mechanical degumming device, a biological degumming device and a high-temperature scouring-bleaching degumming device, and the device is special; a yarn hanging rack is composed of a hollow post and a plurality of hollow beams in a connecting mode, the hollow beams are provided with a plurality of hanging rods, and a plurality of holes are formed in the sides of the hanging rods; the crush cutting and teasing use a drafting roller set and a snapping roller set, and the drafting roller set and snapping roller set run in differential speeds and pressurize simultaneously. The combing and arranging use a round comb and a top comb to comb and a pulling vehicle to pull, along the rotating direction, the density of gill bars is increased gradually, and the fineness is reduced gradually. The processing system for processing the hemp into the hemp fiber changes a traditional hemp processing device, improves the long hemp yield and facilitates subsequent processing, and the produced hemp fiber is stable in quality.

The invention discloses an air purifying and ozone disinfection intelligent control system, which comprises a plasma ozone disinfecting cabinet, a plasma generator, an ozone generator, an air feedingair pump, multiple electromagnetic valves, an induced draft fan, a negative oxygen ion generator, an ozone reducing device, an air exhausting air pump, and a PLC controller. The system utilizes a lowtemperature plasma technology to remove organic compounds, inorganic compounds, and dusts in the plasma ozone disinfecting cabinet, kill bacteria and viruses, and purify the air, and is suitable for solid substances such as archives, books, cotton fabrics, common plastic products, specimens, samples, eggs, and the like. In the enclosed environment of the plasma ozone disinfecting cabinet, the objects are steamed by the ozone, mites, bacteria, and viruses are killed, at the same time, under a certain concentration, a layer of superficial nitrides is formed on the surface of the disinfected objects, and the disinfecting effect can be maintained for a certain period.

The invention provides a straw and biogas slurry synchronous returning method and a machine, and belongs to the farmland preparation technology and machines. The method includes the steps that crop straw and stubbles in fields are smashed and scattered on the fields, biogas slurry generated after anaerobic fermentation of biomass is sprayed on the smashed straw and the stubbles, soil is turned over and tilled by means of a moldboard plow, the smashed straw, the smashed stubbles and the biogas slurry are buried in and covers the soil together, and finally the surfaces of the fields are compacted and leveled. The machine comprises a machine frame assembly, a three-point suspension assembly, a straw and stubble smashing cutter shaft assembly, a walking wheel assembly, a biogas slurry spraying assembly, a moldboard plow assembly and a compacting assembly, wherein the three-point suspension assembly, the straw and stubble smashing cutter shaft assembly, the walking wheel assembly, the biogas slurry spraying assembly, the moldboard plow assembly and the compacting assembly are arranged on the machine frame assembly. The method is simple in process, the straw returning effect is good, quality is high, soil restoration is facilitated, work cost is low, the machine is reasonable in structure, the use requirement for straw and biogas slurry synchronous returning is met, work efficiency is high, and usage is reliable.

The invention discloses nutritional wheat flour and a production method thereof. The nutritional wheat flour is produced by activating wheat bran and refilling the wheat bran into wheat flour. The conventional food processing method does not need to be changed, food is easily processed, digested and absorbed, the mouth feel of the food is improved, and the wheat taste is maintained. Especially nutrient substances in the wheat bran are fully maintained, dietary fibers are increased and optimized, and the quality guarantee period of the nutritional wheat flour is prolonged. The problem of serious loss of the nutrient substances in the wheat flour is solved, and a large amount of wheat is saved. The production process is environment-friendly and sanitary, the production equipment investment is low, the production cost is low, and the large-scale production is facilitated.

The invention relates to a water treatment sterilization method by ultraviolet catalysis hydrogen peroxide matched with chlorine / chloramine, belonging to the technical field of the sterilization in water treatment. The water treatment method is used for sterilizing the water by the chlorine / chloramine based on ultraviolet and hydrogen peroxide photocatalysis sterilization. The method comprises the steps of: adding 0.05-0.20mmol / L of hydrogen peroxide during ultraviolet irradiation, and feeding 0.10-0.20mg / L of chlorine into the water which is irradiated by the ultraviolet to sterilize; or adding 0.05-0.20mmol / L of hydrogen peroxide during the ultraviolet irradiation, and feeding 0.20-0.40mg / L of chloramine into the water which is irradiated by the ultraviolet to sterilize. The method is used for producing hydroxyl radical which is high in oxidability by the ultraviolet catalysis hydrogen peroxide, the deactivation effect to chlorine and ultraviolet-resistant sterilized microorganism is greatly improved due to the synergistic sterilization effect of the hydroxyl radical and the chlorine / chloramine, so that the biological safety and the chemical safety of the water can be guaranteed, and the method can be widely used for sterilizing and purifying drinking water.

The invention discloses a biological degradation method and degradation device for animal carcasses. The degradation method comprises the following steps of 1 raw material smashing, wherein animal carcass raw materials needing to be treated are smashed into blocks through a smashing machine; 2 high-temperature sterilizing and one-time degrading, wherein the smashed animal carcass raw materials are conveyed into a decomposition tank, high-temperature sterilizing bacteria and auxiliary materials for adsorbing oil and fat are added into the tank, then the decomposition tank is sealed and heated to 120 DEG C or above, stirring is performed in a timing mode in the heating process, standing is performed for 10-14 hours, and then the materials are discharged; 3 secondary degrading, wherein composting fermentation is performed on the animal carcass raw materials processed through high-temperature sterilizing and one-time degrading to complete secondary degrading. According to the method, sterilizing is safe and thorough, sterilizing, decomposing and waste gas condensing and recycling of the animal carcasses are achieved at a time in the decomposition tank, the application range is wide, produced organic fertilizer cannot damage crops, the technology is reasonable, operation is easy and convenient, and energy conversation and environmental protection are achieved.

The invention provides an antibody biochip for detecting H5 subtype avian influenza virus, its preparation method and application. The biochip provided by the present invention comprises a solid phase carrier, a gold film attached to the solid phase carrier, and an anti-H5N1 subtype avian influenza virus monoclonal antibody connected with the gold film, and the biochip is helpful for the detection of the H5 subtype The rapid and accurate detection and identification of avian influenza virus, and the quantitative analysis of H5 subtype avian influenza virus in the sample can truly reflect the advantages of specificity, sensitivity and rapidity of the biochip.

The invention belongs to the field of preparation methods of organic fertilizers, and discloses a method for preparing an ecological organic crude fertilizer through rapid degradation of livestock and poultry wastes. The method comprises the following steps: (1) conditioning the wastes: adding an organic conditioner and an inorganic modifier sequentially into the livestock and poultry wastes, and uniformly stirring to obtain a mixture I; (2) adding bacteria: heating the mixture I obtained in the step (1) to raise the internal temperature of the mixture I, and adding the degrading bacteria to obtain a mixture II; (3) performing assistant fermentation: heating and stirring the mixture II, and forcibly convecting the mixture II till the moisture content of the mixture II reaches 30-40%, so as to obtain the organic crude fertilizer. With the method provided by the invention, the dehydration characteristics of the livestock and poultry wastes can be effectively improved, heavy metals are fixed and antibiotics are oxidized; organic matters and crude fiber in the livestock and poultry wastes and the organic conditioner can be utilized and decomposed by the degrading bacteria within a short time, so that bound water is easier to remove.

The invention discloses a radiofrequency ablation device for spinal neoplasms operation. The radiofrequency ablation device comprises a radiofrequency electrode for ablating the neoplasms and a conveying component for conveying the radiofrequency electrode to the position of the neoplasms. The conveying component is provided with a bendable part and a telescopic part. The device further comprises a bending control assembly for controlling the bendable part to be bent and a telescopic control assembly for controlling the telescopic component to stretch out or draw back. The bending control assembly and the telescopic control component can convert rotating movement into linear movement so as to control the bendable part to be bent and the telescopic control assembly to stretch out and draw back. The radiofrequency ablation device for the spinal neoplasms operation can position the radiofrequency electrode to the portion where the neoplasms is located precisely, and the neoplasms of different sizes and in different shapes can be ablated.

The invention relates to the technical field of food, in particular to glutinous rice food and a preparation method thereof. The glutinous rice food comprises the following raw and auxiliary materials in percentage by mass: 15%-20% of water-milled glutinous rice flour, 40%-55% of malt syrup, 5%-9% of a compound emulsifying thickener, 0.6%-1.5% of trehalose, 0.5%-2.0% of beta-amylase, 1.2%-1.8% of shortening, 0-0.09% of edible salt and the balance of water, the DSC (differential scanning calorimetry) aging degree of the water-milled glutinous rice flour is less than or equal to 5%. It is found through experiments that the glutinous rice flour with the DSC aging degree smaller than or equal to 5% can guarantee the good anti-retrogradation characteristic in the shelf life of the product.

The invention discloses an environment-friendly organic fertilizer for improved saline alkali soil and a preparation method of the fertilizer. The environment-friendly organic fertilizer is prepared by composting and fermenting, by weight, 10-20 parts of animal carcasses obtained after high temperature sterilization, 5-10 parts of plant straw, 15-30 parts of livestock excrement and 1-5 parts of composite decomposing microbial inoculums. The soil alkalinity can be effectively lowered, the nutrient content of saline alkali soil is increased, characteristics of the saline alkali soil are improved, and the saline alkali soil is improved conveniently; the handling method is mature, the technology is stable, and it is ensured that carcasses obtained after animals are dead are effectively handled, and environmental protection is achieved.

The invention discloses a production process of orange and tangerine nutritious dried noodles. The production process comprises the process flows of orange and tangerine variety selection, juice pretreatment, starch gelatinization, dough preparation, dough waking and calendaring molding. Orange and tangerine fruits are pretreated into solid-liquid mixed colloidal juice, both orange and tangerine in the juice contain rich folic acid, vitamin C and flavonoid substances, after microwave treatment, inactivation of oxidases in juice can be realized in shorter time, and stabilization of juice color, formation of flavor substances and reservation of nutritious substances are promoted. A starch mixture gelatinized in advance and wheat flour are mixed to prepare dough, so that the gelation, elasticity and toughness of the dough can be improved. The orange and tangerine nutritious dried noodles produced by using the process contain rich nutritious substances like carotenoid, vitamin C, flavonoid, pulp dietary fiber and the like.

The invention relates to a silver-loaded diatom shell antibacterial ceramic filter core and a preparation method thereof. The preparation method comprises the steps: sequentially carrying out mixing,grinding, liquid phase mixing and drying on raw material particles containing a silver-loaded diatom shells, and then carrying out hot pressing sintering to obtain the silver-loaded diatom shell antibacterial ceramic filter core. Different from a process of preparing a blank firstly and then sintering and molding in the prior art, the preparation method disclosed by the invention has the advantages that hot pressing sintering treatment is carried out at the same time of pressing and sintering, so that the sintering temperature is relatively low, the porous structure of the silver-loaded diatomshell can be prevented from being damaged, and the compressive strength of the ceramic filter core can be greatly improved; and the prepared silver-loaded diatom shell antibacterial ceramic filter core has the nano-silver loading capacity of 0.15-0.4%, has excellent adsorption performance, has the filtering precision as high as 10-100 microns and the specific surface area of 65 m<2> / g, also has sterilization and inactivation effects, ensures the water quality safety of domestic water, prolongs the service life of the ceramic filter core, and further improves the market competitiveness of theproduct.

Fungus has wide applications in biotechnology. CRISPR / Cas9 system is a powerful genome editing method and is successfully applied to a plurality of genomes, but the system is not widely used in fungus, and thus, a convenient, effective and widely applicable method which uses CRISPR / Cas9 system to perform gene editing in fungus is provided.

The invention discloses a synthesis method of homogeneous polypyrrole nanowire arrays for a three-dimensional electrode based on internal filtering flow. According to the synthesis method, a form of pairing a single anode and double cathodes is adopted, and the position of the cathode paired with the anode and the direction of water flow are changed to synthesize the homogeneous polypyrrole nanowire arrays (PPyNWs) on the surface of a three-dimensional electrode material and in the three-dimensional electrode material. According to the method disclosed by the invention, reaction conditions are simple and easy to control, the method is suitable for generating the homogeneous polypyrrole nanowire arrays on the surface of a three-dimensional porous material and in the three-dimensional porous material, and the application performance of polypyrrole nanowires is improved.

An innocent treatment device for animal carcasses is composed of a hopper, an opposite-roller type breaking mechanism, a stirring pulverizer, a heating mechanism, a hot air blower, a liquid sterilization disinfection water tank and a secondary disinfection purification mechanism; the stirring pulverizer is of an interlayer structure, the heating mechanism comprises an oil heat radiator and an oil heater, steam generated in the stirring pulverizer enters the liquid sterilization disinfection water tank through the oil heat radiator, the hot air blower circularly feeds gas in the liquid sterilization disinfection water tank into the stirring pulverizer, and liquid of the liquid sterilization disinfection water tank is fed into the secondary disinfection purification mechanism to be disinfected through a pipeline. Through two-stage pulverizing treatment of the opposite-roller type breaking mechanism and the stirring pulverizer, materials in a container are boiled through the heating mechanism, the boiled steam is emitted through disinfection filtering, thorough inactivation of the animal carcasses is achieved, the innocent treatment wastes after hyperthermia inactivation do not contain any pathogenic microorganisms, no pollution to a water source and soil exists, and organic fertilizer and farmyard manure raw materials can be directly discharged.

The invention discloses an air pump driven sewage reactor based on program control, and a treatment method thereof. The air pump driven sewage reactor comprises a water inlet tube, a sewage treatmentreactor, a PLC control cabinet and a water outlet tube, wherein an air pump and a PLC are arranged in the PLC control cabinet; the air pump is divided into a first air lifting tube, a second air lifting tube, a third air lifting tube and an aeration tube from the PLC control cabinet, and each air pipeline is opened by a PLC controlled solenoid valve; the sewage treatment reactor comprises an innercylinder and an outer cylinder, the inner cylinder is provided with a outlet water disinfecting zone, and the outer cylinder is divided into a water inlet zone and a main reaction zone by a partitionplate; a high liquid level gauge, a low liquid level gauge and the first air lifting tube are arranged in the water inlet zone; a bio-filler, the second air lifting tube and the aeration tube are arranged in the main reaction zone; a disinfecting tablet basket and the third air lifting tube are arranged in the outlet water disinfecting zone; and the water inlet tube is connected with effluent water from a septic tank, and is connected with the water inlet zone. The technical requirement of near zero maintenance of a small volume of sewage is met in the invention.

The invention belongs to the field of medical treatment, and provides irreversible sound perforation equipment and device, and a computer readable storage medium, the equipment comprises an ultrasonic intervention module, an ultrasonic electronic excitation module, an ultrasonic imaging monitoring module and a control module, and an excitation signal of ultrasonic waves is generated through the ultrasonic electronic excitation module; the ultrasonic intervention module emits ultrasonic waves which can be focused on the region of interest, so that cavitation bubble clouds are generated in the region of interest of the target tissue; a plurality of irreversible pore channels are formed in the outer membrane of the biological cell by utilizing a cavitation effect, the balance of water inside and outside the cell is destroyed, and cell apoptosis is caused; the purpose of ablating the biological tissue is achieved, the problem of thermal deposition caused by a heat effect can be solved, the damage to the surrounding is small, the integrity of cell matrixes and other structures around cells can be reserved, pain caused by electroporation treatment is reduced, and complications caused by high-voltage electric pulses are avoided. And the ablation is accurately controlled through a monitoring imaging module and a control module.

The invention provides a nucleic acid sample preserving fluid as well as a preparation method and application thereof, and belongs to the technical field of biomedicine. The nucleic acid sample preserving fluid is composed of sodium acetate, EDTA sodium salt, Tris, protease K, SDS, Triton X-100, SLS and DEPC triple distilled water. According to the invention, a collected sample is fully mixed witha virus lysis solution and a viral nucleic acid preserving fluid, so that the virus in the sample is inactivated, the integrity of viral nucleic acid in the sample is effectively ensured, and the collected sample can be transported and preserved for a long time under a normal temperature condition. The nucleic acid can be released by instantly cracking pathogens, and the nucleic acid can be prevented from being degraded by a protective agent, so that the nucleic acid sample preserving fluid has good practical production and application value.

The invention relates to the technical field of microbial fermentation, in particular to a production method of low-endotoxin gamma-polyglutamic acid, which comprises the following steps: S1, preparing gamma-polyglutamic acid fermentation liquor; s2, carrying out acid treatment on the gamma-polyglutamic acid fermentation liquor to adjust the pH value to 3.0-5.0, carrying out high-temperature treatment, cooling, decolorizing and filtering to obtain filtrate; s3, adding acid into the filtrate to adjust the pH value to 1.0-3.0, standing to separate out precipitate, and pumping away supernatant liquid; and S4, adding an organic solvent into the bottom precipitate, stirring and precipitating, pumping away the organic solvent on the upper layer, and drying the precipitate. The method is not easily polluted by microorganisms in the endotoxin treatment process, the process is simple and suitable for industrial production, and the content of the endotoxin in gamma-polyglutamic acid production is effectively reduced.

The invention provides a pressurization-decompression enhanced SBR (sequencing batch reactor activated sludge) residual sludge reduction method, and belongs to the technical field of sewage treatment.The method comprises the following steps: 1) SBR residual sludge is subjected to sludge floc breakage, and a broken sludge mixed solution is obtained; 2) the broken sludge mixed solution is subjectedto multi-stage pressurization-decompression enhanced sludge reduction, and a reduced mixed solution is obtained; 3) the reduced mixed solution is subjected to phosphorus recovery, solid-liquid separation is performed after phosphorus is recovered, and a supernatant obtained after separation is returned to SBR to complete sludge reduction, wherein ozone is added to the broken sludge mixed solutionin the multi-stage pressurization-decompression enhanced sludge reduction process, the dosage of ozone is 0.01-0.1 gO3 / gTSS. With adoption of the method, the sludge reduction effect can be improved,total phosphorus and total nitrogen are removed, and the sewage treatment efficiency in the reduction process is improved.

The invention discloses an automatic distributing device for nasopharyngeal swabs for novel coronavirus virus detection. The automatic distributing device comprises a conveying belt and a distributing room; at least two clamping devices are arranged on the conveying belt; a sampling tube is connected onto each clamping device; an air purification device is arranged at the top of the distributing room; an observation window is arranged on the front surface of the distributing room; an object taking window is arranged on the back surface of the distributing room; a distributing device is arranged on the object taking window; vacuum sample tubes are connected onto the distributing device; and a code scanner and an oscillator are arranged at an inlet of the distributing room. According to the automatic distributing device, pathogen inactivation, automatic vortex oscillation uniform mixing and distribution of biological samples are realized through the distributing equipment, thus increasing the efficiency and safety of separation and distribution of the biological samples; and the distributing room is pumped to form negative pressure and gas circulation in the distributing room, so that the probability of virus diffusion and cross contamination in the distributing process is reduced.

The invention provides a pressurization-decompression enhanced SBR (sequencing batch reactor activated sludge) residual sludge reduction method, and belongs to the technical field of sewage treatment.The method comprises the following steps: 1) SBR residual sludge is subjected to sludge floc breakage, and a broken sludge mixed solution is obtained; 2) the broken sludge mixed solution is subjectedto multi-stage pressurization-decompression enhanced sludge reduction, and a reduced mixed solution is obtained; 3) the reduced mixed solution is subjected to phosphorus recovery, solid-liquid separation is performed after phosphorus is recovered, and a supernatant obtained after separation is returned to SBR to complete sludge reduction, wherein ozone is added to the broken sludge mixed solutionin the multi-stage pressurization-decompression enhanced sludge reduction process, the dosage of ozone is 0.01-0.1 gO3 / gTSS. With adoption of the method, the sludge reduction effect can be improved,total phosphorus and total nitrogen are removed, and the sewage treatment efficiency in the reduction process is improved.

The invention relates to a treatment device, in particular to an inactivation treatment device for preparing allogeneic dressing skin. According to the invention, heating and gamma ray irradiation are integrated and he allogeneic dressing skin can be completely inactivated. The inactivation treatment device for preparing the allogeneic dressing skin comprises a base, wherein a shell is arranged at the top of the base; heaters symmetrically arranged on the inner wall of one side of the shell up and down; a collecting box arranged in the base in a sliding manner; a protection assembly arranged on one side of the shell; and a placement assembly arranged on the inner wall of one side of the shell. The allogeneic dressing skin is placed on the placing rack by a worker, and then the allogeneic dressing skin is heated by the heater, so that the inactivation treatment is realized.

The invention discloses a fresh air handling unit with purification, sterilization and disinfection functions and a purification, sterilization and disinfection process thereof. The fresh air handling unit comprises an air inlet chamber, a gas purifying chamber, a gas heating and disinfecting chamber, a gas mixing chamber, a fan chamber and an air outlet chamber from bottom to top. Air inlets are formed in the four side walls of the air inlet chamber, and a filter screen mounting opening is formed in one side of the gas purifying chamber. A filter screen sealing element is arranged outside the filter screen mounting opening. A gas purification filter screen is mounted in the gas purifying chamber, heat insulation layers are arranged on the four side walls of the gas heating and disinfecting chamber, heating plates are mounted in the gas heating and disinfecting chamber, catalytic ceramic particles are filled between the heating plates, and a porous partition plate is mounted at the top of the gas heating and disinfecting chamber. An air supplementing opening is formed in the opposite side wall of the gas mixing chamber, an air supplementing adjusting plate is arranged outside the air supplementing opening, and a gas mixing fan is installed in the gas mixing chamber. The fresh air handling unit with the purification and disinfection functions can effectively remove particulate matter, VOC and other harmful gases in the air, kill bacteria, viruses and other microorganisms in the air, purify and disinfect the air and can also be used for heating in winter.

The invention discloses a fresh air unit with purifying, sterilizing and disinfecting functions and its purifying, sterilizing and disinfecting process, which comprises an inlet chamber, a gas purification chamber, a gas heating and disinfection chamber, a gas mixing chamber, a fan chamber, and an air outlet chamber from bottom to top. There are air inlets on the four side walls of the gas chamber, a filter installation port on one side of the gas purification chamber, and a filter seal on the outside of the filter installation port, a gas purification filter installed in the gas purification chamber, and a gas heating and disinfection chamber on all four sides. The wall is provided with a heat insulation layer, and a heating plate is installed inside the gas heating and disinfection chamber, and catalytic ceramic particles are filled between the heating plates, a porous partition is installed on the top of the gas heating and disinfection chamber, and an air supply port is opened on the opposite side wall of the gas heating and disinfection chamber. , There is an air supply regulating plate outside the air supply port, and an air mixing fan is installed inside the air mixing chamber. The fresh air unit with purification and disinfection functions of the present invention can effectively remove harmful gases such as particulate matter and VOC in the air, kill microorganisms such as bacteria and viruses in the air, purify and disinfect the air, and can also be used for heating in winter.