The invention, belonging to the technical field of electrochemistry, particularly discloses a high energy density charge-discharge lithium battery. The lithium battery comprises a separator, a cathode, an anode and an electrolyte, wherein the separator is solid, lithium ions can reversibly pass through the separator, the cathode is made of lithium metal or lithium alloy, the electrolyte of the cathode side comprises common organic electrolyte, polymer electrolyte, ionic liquid electrolyte or a mixture thereof, the anode is made of common cathode material of a lithium ion battery, and the electrolyte of the anode side comprises an aqueous solution containing lithium salt or a hydrogel electrolyte. Compared with the traditional lithium ion battery, the charge-discharge lithium battery disclosed by the invention has higher voltage, and the energy density of the charge-discharge lithium battery is more than 30% higher. The high energy density charge-discharge lithium battery can be used in the fields of electricity storage and release, etc.