1979 results about "Root mean square" patented technology

An exemplary embodiment provides a current regulator for controlling variable brightness levels for solid state lighting. The current regulator is couplable to a phase-modulating switch, such as a dimmer switch, which is coupled to an AC line voltage. An exemplary current regulator includes a rectifier; a switching power supply providing a first current; an impedance matching circuit; and a controller. The impedance matching circuit is adapted to provide a second current through the phase-modulating switch when a magnitude of the first current is below a first predetermined threshold, such as a holding current of a triac of the phase-modulating switch. The controller is adapted to determine a root-mean-square (RMS) voltage level provided by the phase-modulating switch from the AC line voltage and to determine a duty cycle for pulse-width current modulation by the switching power supply in response to the comparison of the RMS voltage level to a nominal voltage level.

A thin film battery including an anode layer, a cathode layer and a solid electrolyte layer. The battery also includes, a planarization layer applied to the thin film battery. The planarization layer has a surface roughness of no more than about 1.0 nanometers root mean square and a flatness no larger than about 0.005 cm / inch. A barrier layer is applied to the planarization layer. The barrier layer is provided by one or more layers of material selected from the group consisting of polymeric materials, metals and ceramic materials. The planarization layer and barrier layer are sufficient to reduce oxygen flux through the barrier layer to the anode layer to no more than about 1.6 μmol / m2-day, and H2O flux through the barrier layer to the anode layer to less than about 3.3 μmol / m2-day thereby improving the life of the thin film battery.

Small portable communication devices that support multiple modulation techniques cannot gain the benefits of using an isolator at the output of a power amplifier to provide stability in the load impedance. However, for communication devices that include amplitude modulation schemes, maintaining linear operation of the power amplifier is still required. In the presence of unstable load impedance, this can be a difficult task. As a solution, the linearity of the power amplifier is detected by determining the peak power of the output signal and the average or root-mean-square of a portion of the output signal, such as a mid-amble). The ratio of the peak power and the average power of the output signal are used to determine if the power amplifier is operating in the linear region. If the ratio is too high, then the power amplifier may be operating in the linear region. By adjusting the power level of the input signal to the power amplifier when the ratio increases, linearity of the power amplifier is maintained.

AlxGayInzN, wherein 0≦x≦1, 0≦y≦1, 0≦z≦1, and x+y+z=1, characterized by a root mean square surface roughness of less than 1 nm in a 10×10 μm2 area. The AlxGayInzN may be in the form of a wafer, which is chemically mechanically polished (CMP) using a CMP slurry comprising abrasive particles, such as silica or alumina, and an acid or a base. High quality AlxGayInzN wafers can be fabricated by steps including lapping, mechanical polishing, and reducing internal stress of said wafer by thermal annealing or chemical etching for further enhancement of its surface quality. CMP processing may be usefully employed to highlight crystal defects of an AlxGayInzN wafer.

An exemplary embodiment provides a current regulator for controlling variable brightness levels for solid state lighting. The current regulator is couplable to a phase-modulating switch, such as a dimmer switch, which is coupled to an AC line voltage. An exemplary current regulator includes a rectifier; a switching power supply providing a first current; an impedance matching circuit; and a controller. The impedance matching circuit is adapted to provide a second current through the phase-modulating switch when a magnitude of the first current is below a first predetermined threshold, such as a holding current of a triac of the phase-modulating switch. The controller is adapted to determine a root-mean-square (RMS) voltage level provided by the phase-modulating switch from the AC line voltage and to determine a duty cycle for pulse-width current modulation by the switching power supply in response to the comparison of the RMS voltage level to a nominal voltage level.

A jitter measurement technique utilizing a high-bandwidth undersampling voltage measurement instrument is presented. A trigger is derived from the a signal having a repetitive signal pattern. The signal is compared with a threshold at a plurality of times relative to the trigger during multiple repetitions of the signal pattern to produce measurement samples indicative of signal level relative to the threshold. The measurement samples are used to determine the probability of signal edge states as a function of time for the multiple repetitions. The probability of signal edge states are used to determine an edge probability density as a function of time. A histogram of signal state transition times can be prepared from the edge probability density. Mean deviation of edge transitions of the signal can be estimates, and standard deviation of edge transitions of the signal can be estimated to give the root-mean-square (rms) jitter of the signal.

A method for controlling digit movement of a prosthesis based on residual forelimb volitional pressures is provided. A filter is provided for discriminating from the distributed pressures to provide reliable digit control. The extracted commands can be used to control actuators in a hand prosthesis to restore biomimetic finger control to the user. Feature extraction algorithms can be based on signal amplitudes (peak amplitude or root mean square). Training signal validation can be based on cepstral encoding. The filter is trained under user supervision.

To reduce viewing angle dependence of γ characteristics in a normally black liquid crystal display. Each pixel 10 has a first sub-pixel 10a and a second sub-pixel 10b which can apply mutually different voltages to their respective liquid crystal layers. Relationships ΔV12 (gk)>0 volts and ΔV12 (gk)≧ΔV12 (gk+1) are satisfied at least in a range 0<gk≦n−1 if it is assumed that ΔV12=V1−V2, where ΔV12 is the difference between root-mean-square voltage V1 applied to the liquid crystal layer of the first sub-pixel 10a and root-mean-square voltage V2 applied to the liquid crystal layer of the second sub-pixel 10b.

Methods and articles are disclosed in which a substrate is provided with a photo-induced hydrophilic surface by forming a photo-induced hydrophilic coating on the substrate by spray pyrolysis, chemical vapor deposition, or magnetron sputter vacuum deposition. The coating can have a thickness of 50 Å to 500 Å, a root mean square roughness of less than 5, preferably less than 2, and photocatalytic activity of less than 3.0×10−3 cm−1 min−1±2.0×10−3 cm−1 min−1. The substrate includes glass substrates, including glass sheets and continuous float glass ribbons.

The data storage and processing resources required for an electric meter are reduced by basing the selection and application of phase error correction on a root mean square load current flowing through the meter.

This invention provides a light-emitting diode chip with high light extraction, which includes a substrate, an epitaxial-layer structure for generating light by electric-optical effect, a transparent reflective layer sandwiched between the substrate and the epitaxial-layer structure, and a pair of electrodes for providing power supply to the epitaxial-layer structure. A bottom surface and top surface of the epitaxial-layer structure are roughened to have a roughness not less than 100 nm root mean square (rms). The light generated by the epitaxial-layer structure is hence effectively extracted out. A transparent reflective layer not more than 5 μm rms is formed as an interface between the substrate and the epitaxial-layer structure. The light toward the substrate is more effectively reflected upward. The light extraction and brightness are thus enhanced. Methods for manufacturing the light-emitting diode chip of the present invention are also provided.

The computational resources of a digital power meter can be reduced by utilizing an interrupt requested in anticipation of interrupt latency to perform real-time tasks, an approximation of a root mean square load current at an earlier time to compensate for a phase shift between the load current and the current transducer output, and an amplitude that is neither zero nor maximum to distinguish the cycles of a harmonically distorted waveform.

A method and device for improving the efficiency of an envelope tracking transmitter in which a power amplifier for coupling modulated signals in a carrier frequency to an antenna for transmission. The transmitter comprises a power supply for providing a supply voltage to the power amplifier, and a computation means for providing a waveform indicative of the envelope of the modulated signal to the power supply in order to modify the supply voltage. A lower limit is imposed to the waveform so that the supply voltage to the power supply is always greater than a predetermined value. Moreover, when information is transmitted in times slots which are started and ended by ramp periods, a constant signal, based on the root-mean-square value of the waveform, is used to modify the waveform so that the supply voltage to the power amplifier includes a constant voltage level in the ramp periods.

A method for reconstructing a super-resolution image, including: 1) reducing the resolution of an original high-resolution image to obtain an equal low-resolution image, respectively expressed as matrix forms yh and yl; 2) respectively conducting dictionary training on yl and yhl to obtain a low-resolution image dictionary Dl; 3) dividing the sparse representation coefficients αl and αhl into training sample coefficients αl_train and αhl_train and test sample coefficients αl_test and αhl_test; 4) constructing an L-layer deep learning network using a root-mean-square error as a cost function; 5) iteratively optimizing network parameters so as to minimize the cost function by using the low-resolution image sparse coefficient αl_train as the input of the deep learning network; 6) inputting the low-resolution image sparse coefficient αl_testas the test portion into the trained deep learning network in 5), outputting to obtain a predicted difference image sparse coefficient {circumflex over (α)}hl_test, computing an error between the {circumflex over (α)}hl_test.

The invention discloses a prediction and evaluation technology of 3D seismic optimum time window river channel sand body reservoirs, belongs to the technical field of the prediction and evaluation of the 3D seismic reservoirs, and aims at solving technical problem that the river channel predictive resolution of the traditional methods is not enough. The technical proposal is as follows: the 3D visualization scanning is performed on each reservoir at the interval of 1-2ms, the optimum time window is determined according to the scope shown by the target river channel, the corresponding subfield is cut out, clairvoyance and scanning are carried out on the time window properties, such as root-mean-square amplitude, wave impedance and the like, auto-tracing is performed, top surface and bottom surface are picked up, a time isopach map is calculated and converted into a sand body isopach map, a top surface structure diagram is formed by time-depth conversion, and the reservoir physical properties are evaluated by curve reconstruction, thus realizing the prediction and evaluation of the plane morphology, longitudinal thickness and the reservoir physical properties of the river channel sand body. The method adopts the optimum time window to effectively inhibit interference, is applicable to various data volumes, and can effectively predict and evaluate a thin river channel sand body with the thickness far less than 1 / 4 of a wavelength under the condition of frequent interbedding of sand and mudstone, the thin river channel sand body comprises the river channel sand body which is not corresponding to wave crest or wave trough, and the method has good application effect in petroleum exploration and development.

A system and method for finding electromigration (EM), self heat (SH) and voltage drop / droop violations of an integrated circuit, when its design and electrical characterization are not complete, are disclosed. The method includes analyzing polygons for average, root-mean-square (RMS) and Ipeak current densities and voltages of a mask layout block and obtaining one or more electromigration, self heat and / or voltage drop / droop rules associated with the polygon from a technology and an external constraints file. The system reads the available design simulation data to calculate the average, RMS and Ipeak current densities and voltages, and estimates the current densities and voltages when no data available. The method also includes topological analysis of the mask layout and analysis of the electrical circuit elements of the design. The method finds the polygons where the current densities are higher than electromigration and self heat rules as taken from technology or external constraints file. The method also finds the polygons where the current densities are higher than in other polygons, by the defined threshold. The method also finds the nodes where the voltage drop / droop is larger than the rule. The method also finds the polygons where the voltage drop / droop is larger than in other polygons by the defined threshold. The method and system work on GDSII, GDSIII format files and on industry standards layout editors' database.

A method of detecting battery degradation level detects charging and discharging current flow in the battery and determines battery degradation level (state of health, SOH) from the charging and discharging current. The method detects the battery degradation level (SOH) from the root-mean-square of the charging and discharging current flow (Irms) in the battery, which is designated effective current.

A hard disk drive comprising a plurality of read / write heads oriented to serially read data from the magnetic media of the disk drive. The head output signals are delayed and combined to provide a time aligned composite signal for determining the value of the data bits read from the disk drive. An improved signal-to-noise ratio is provided according to the teachings of the present invention by combining the signal components from the plurality of heads, as the signal components are added algebraically while the noise components are combined as root mean square values. Thus the overall signal-to-noise ratio is improved, resulting in a greater probability of correctly determining the stored data.

The invention relates to an intermediate frequency direct sequence spread spectrum receiver for satellite ranging, which consists of 37 parts of a front-end A / D, an FFT module, a local PN code generator, a correlator, an automatic threshold calculation module and the like. The connection relationship is as follows: the output of the front-end A / D and the output of a carrier tracking loop NCO are respectively connected to an in-phase branch multiplier and an orthogonal branch multiplier, the input of the front-end A / D and the input of the carrier tracking loop NCO enter into an in-phase branch FIR low-pass filter and an orthogonal branch FIR low-pass filter, consequently, on the one hand, the output is sent to an integral zero clearing device, then the output which is sent to the FFT module, a branch 1 local PN code memory ROM and a branch 2 local PN code memory ROM enters into a branch 1 complex multiplier and a branch 2 complex multiplier, the output is sent to a branch 1 root mean square module and a branch 2 root mean square module, the output is sent to the threshold calculation module and a capturing and judging module for carrying out code catching; and on the other hand, the output is sent to the correlator and the local PN code generator for carrying out code tracking. The output of the correlator is simultaneously sent into a frequency discriminator / phase discriminator of the carrier tracking loop and then enters into a loop filter of the carrier tracking loop, and the output of the loop filter of the carrier tracking loop enters into the carrier tracking loop NCO for carrying out carrier tracking.

Disclosed is a velocity estimator using a level crossing rate. The velocity estimator comprises a power calculator for calculating power values of a signal received from a mobile terminal; a mean power calculator for calculating mean power values for M power values according to a predetermined down-sampling factor M; an interpolator for interpolating the mean power values according to a predetermined interpolation ratio L; a root mean square calculator for calculating a root mean square value using an output of the interpolator; a level crossing counter for counting a level crossing frequency representing how many times the output of the interpolator crosses a level crossing threshold determined according to the root mean square value, for a predetermined time period; and a velocity calculator for calculating a velocity estimation value of the mobile terminal using the level crossing frequency.

The invention relates to methods and computer-readable medium to implement computing the propagation velocity of seismic waves in the earth. The invention computes the true propagation velocity of seismic waves in the earth, which is a condition of obtaining an accurate image of subsurface geology that can be used to prospect for oil and gas deposits. In an embodiment, the method of computing the propagation velocity of seismic waves in earth, includes providing an estimate of the propagation velocity, generating a time shift gather using a depth migration at a plurality of locations of the earth, converting each of the time shift gathers to a semblance gather, transforming each semblance gather into a velocity gather whose energy peaks represent a root-mean-square average of the propagation velocity along the forward and backward path between earth's surface and a point of the subsurface geology, and converting the energy peaks to the propagation velocity.

An optical time domain reflectometry apparatus has a laser and light modulator for producing coherent light pulses, each having two sections of higher intensity separated by a gap of lower or substantially zero intensity. As the light pulses propagate along the optical fibre, light is continuously Rayleigh backscattered by inhomogeneities of the optical fibre. A photodetector generates backscatter signals representing the intensity of light Rayleigh backscattered in the optical fibre as each light pulse travels along the optical fibre. The PC uses these backscatter signals to derive a difference signal representing a change dI in intensity between signals generated from two successive pulses. The PC then calculates the Root Mean Square (RMS) of the difference signal averaged over the interval between the two sections of the light pulses. Next, the PC averages the backscatter signal generated from the first of the pulses over the same interval and normalises the RMS difference signal using the averaged signal to obtain a compensated difference signal that depends only on differences in the rate of change of phase of light of the light pulses as they travelled along the waveguide. This is repeated at different wavelengths to allow the compensated difference signal to be adjusted to represent the magnitude of the differences.

The invention discloses a parameter monitor of a base station antenna and an automatic monitoring method. A digital gravity acceleration sensor is used for measuring an antenna downtilt accurately on the basis of gravity acceleration; an angular displacement sensor is used for measuring an antenna azimuth on the basis of the relationship between the linear characteristic of a resistor in the angular displacement sensor and a divider resistor; a GPS (Global Position System) carrier phase sensor is used for accurately measuring the suspension height and longitude and latitude coordinates of an antenna by a carrier phase difference algorithm; an RMS (Root Mean Square) voltage sensor is used for monitoring antenna signal transmitting power through RMS voltage; GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) / CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) / 3G (the Third Generation) or Ethernet is used for automatically transmitting measured data to a network management center in the form of an IP (Internet Protocol) package. By the invention, the problems of low accuracy, large manual measuring error and unstable measured result in installation and adjustment of a base station antenna in a traditional way can be solved; the problem that the changes of the azimuth angle, the downtilt and the radiation power of an antenna cannot be detected in time can be solved, the problem of remote automatic control of electric tilted antenna based on AISG (Antenna Interface Standards Group) can be solved, and the problem that the antenna information is time and labor consuming to obtain can be solved.

The preferred embodiments of the present invention are directed to high bandwidth positioning systems such as fast tool servos (FTS). The applications of this invention include, for example, diamond turning of mold with structured surface for mass production of films for brightness enhancement and controlled reflectivity, diamond turning of molds for contact lens and micro-optical positioning devices. Preferred embodiments of the fast tool servo can have a closed-loop bandwidth of approximately 20±5 kHz, with acceleration of up to approximately 1000 G or more. The resolution or position error is approximately 1 nm root mean square (RMS). In a preferred embodiment, the full stroke of 50 μm can be achieved up tol kHz operation.

An optical time domain reflectometry apparatus has a laser and light modulator for producing coherent light pulses, each having two sections of higher intensity separated by a gap of lower or substantially zero intensity. As the light pulses propagate along the optical fibre, light is continuously Rayleigh backscattered by inhomogeneities of the optical fibre. A photodetector generates backscatter signals representing the intensity of light Rayleigh backscattered in the optical fibre as each light pulse travels along the optical fibre. The PC uses these backscatter signals to derive a difference signal representing a change dI in intensity between signals generated from two successive pulses. The PC then calculates the Root Mean Square (RMS) of the difference signal averaged over the interval between the two sections of the light pulses. Next, the PC averages the backscatter signal generated from the first of the pulses over the same interval and normalises the RMS difference signal using the averaged signal to obtain a compensated difference signal that depends only on differences in the rate of change of phase of light of the light pulses as they travelled along the waveguide. This is repeated at different wavelengths to allow the compensated difference signal to be adjusted to represent the magnitude of the differences.

The invention discloses a method for inverting remote sensing forest biomass. The method comprises the following steps: on the basis of remote sensing data pretreatment, extracting characteristic variables of a vegetation canopy from a LiDAR point cloud (comprising canopy three-dimensional space information) and multispectrum (comprising spectrum information on the upper surface of the canopy) data respectively; screening the characteristic variables of the LiDAR point cloud and the multispectrum through correlation analysis, and inverting overground and underground biomass by combining the ground actually measured biomass information through a stepwise regression model. Through the adoption of the optimized inverting model of northern subtropical forest biomass, constructed by method, the 'determination coefficient' R<2> of the model can be increase by 3-24%; the forest biomass can be estimated in high precision, and the 'relative root-mean-square error' (rRMSE) can be reduced by 2-10%. The method can be applied to the fields of forestry investigation, forest resource monitoring, forest carbon reserve evaluation, forest ecosystem research and the like, and provides quantitative data support for forest sustainable management and forest resource comprehensive utilization.

A lens system for collecting and focusing light emanating from an object has a cuvette housing the object and having a wall of thickness not greater than 1.5 millimeters; a plano-convex lens having a planar surface affixed to the wall; a sequence of at least three meniscus lenses, each meniscus lens having a concave surface toward the object and a convex surface, each successive meniscus lens receiving the light from the immediately preceding meniscus lens and having radii of curvature of its concave and convex surfaces greater than corresponding radii of the preceding meniscus lens; and at least one compound lens that may be a doublet lens or a triplet lens, the compound lens receiving the light from a last meniscus lens, wherein an image of a geometrical point on the object has a root-mean square spot size equal to or less than 63 μm.