142 results about "Angle dependence" patented technology

In a lithographic apparatus the angle dependence of the intensity distribution of a projection beam at a substrate is controlled. A beam splitter is located in the beam near a pupil plane. The beam splitter splits off an auxiliary beam, which is used to measure information about the spatial intensity distribution of the beam at the pupil plane. The measured position dependence in the auxiliary beam may be decontrolled using boundary conditions inherent to the illuminator to compensate for offset between the pupil plane and a detection element. The measured position dependence may be used to control parameters of an optical element that manipulates the position dependence in the pupil plane. An example of such an optical element is a matrix of elements that controllably steer the direction of parts of the beam. Thus a continuous feedback loop may be realized.

Each pixel includes first and second subpixels with different luminances. Each subpixel includes a liquid crystal capacitor and a storage capacitor. The storage capacitor counter electrodes of the subpixels (such as those of the first subpixel of an arbitrary pixel and the second subpixel of a vertically adjacent pixel) are electrically independent. A storage capacitor counter voltage supplied through each storage capacitor trunk has a first period (A) with a first waveform and a second period (B) with a second waveform within one vertical scanning period (V-Total) of an input video signal, where V-Total=A+B. The first waveform oscillates between first and second voltage levels in a first cycle time PA, which is an integral number of times, and at least twice, as long as one horizontal scanning period (H). The second waveform is defined such that the effective value of the storage capacitor counter voltage has a predetermined constant value every predetermined number of (but 20 or less) consecutive vertical scanning periods. Thus, the viewing angle dependence of the γ characteristic can be reduced.

A reflector having one or two reflection angles exhibiting maximums in an angle-dependent distribution curve of intensity of reflected light which is generated when light is illuminated from a light source on the surface of the reflector at specific angles, wherein at least one angle exhibiting the maximum deviates by at least 5 degrees from a regular reflection angle in relation to the incidence angle of the light, and the surface roughness of the reflector is between 200 nm and 1500 nm in terms of a center line average roughness (Ra), and a semi-transmissive reflector having one or two reflection angles which exhibit maximums in an angle-dependent distribution curve of intensity of reflected light which is generated when light is illuminated from a light source on the surface of the reflector at specific angles, wherein at least one angle exhibiting the maximum deviates by at least 5 degrees from a regular reflection angle in relation to the incidence angle of the light. A reflective liquid crystal can display bright images with good visibility, when such a reflector is attached on the liquid crystal display and the screen is viewed from an angle at which the reflection of the external light is avoided.

An optical path of infrared rays (see the broken lines in FIG. 1) is modified to a substantially U-like shape by a first reflecting mirror and a second reflecting mirror. An incidence angle of the infrared rays incident on the wavelength filter (an angle between the infrared rays incident on the surface of the wavelength filter and the line perpendicular to the surface of the wavelength filter) is nearly zero. For this reason, as compared with a conventional example, the influence of the incidence angle dependence of the wavelength filter can be reduced. As a result, the amount of the infrared rays reaching the light receiving unit through the wavelength filter is increased, thereby suppressing a decline in the detection accuracy of the gas component.

The invention provides a light diffusing film and a manufacturing method of the light diffusing film. The light diffusing film has good incident angle dependence in the transmission and diffusion of light and the incident angle area of light diffusion is wide. The light diffusing film is provided with a first structural area used for diffusing incident light in an anisotropic manner, and a second structural area used for diffusing incident light in an isotropic manner. The first structural area is a window-shades structural area formed by arranging a plurality of plate-shaped areas having different refractive indexes alternately along a film surface direction.

In one embodiment of the present invention, a large-screen or high-definition LCD is provided with its display quality improved significantly by reducing the viewing angle dependence of γ characteristic. Each pixel includes first and second subpixels, to which different voltages are applicable. The device further includes electrically independent storage capacitor trunks, each of which is electrically connected to the respective storage capacitor counter electrodes of either the first or second subpixels through storage capacitor lines. The pixels include pixels belonging to a first display area and pixels belonging to a second display area. The first and second display areas can be scanned independently of each other. And the storage capacitor trunks include a first storage capacitor trunk belonging to the first display area and a second storage capacitor trunk belonging to the second display area.

The present invention relates to a method and apparatus for measuring a three-dimensional profile using a SEM, capable of accurately measuring the three-dimensional profile of even a flat surface or a nearly vertical surface based on the inclination angle dependence of the amount of secondary electron image signal detected by the SEM. Specifically, a tilt image obtaining unit obtains a tilt image (a tilt secondary electron image) I(2) of flat regions a and c1 on a pattern to be measured by using an electron beam incident on the pattern from an observation direction φ(2). Then, profile measuring units presume the slope (or surface inclination angle) at each point on the pattern based on the obtained tilt image and integrate successively each presumed slope value (or surface inclination angle value) to measure three-dimensional profiles S2a and S2c. This arrangement allows a three-dimensional profile to be accurately measured.

In one embodiment of the present invention, a large-screen or high-definition LCD is provided with its display quality improved significantly by reducing the viewing angle dependence of γ characteristic. Each pixel includes first and second subpixels, to which different voltages are applicable. The device further includes electrically independent storage capacitor trunks, each being electrically connected to the respective storage capacitor counter electrodes of either the first or second subpixels through storage capacitor lines. One vertical scanning period (V-Total) of an input video signal is divided into at least two subframes, in each of which a display signal voltage is written on each pixel. Two consecutive vertical scanning periods of the input video signal include a sequence in which the display signal voltage is written at the same polarity in two consecutive subframes and then has its polarity inverted in the next subframe. A storage capacitor counter voltage has, in each subframe, a first waveform, oscillating in a first cycle time P_A, which is an integral number of times (and at least twice) as long as one horizontal scanning period (H), and a second waveform, defined such that the effective value of the CS voltage storage capacitor counter voltage has a predetermined constant value every predetermined number of consecutive vertical scanning periods of the input video signal. Between two subframes in which the polarity of the CS voltage is inverted, the first waveforms of the CS voltage storage capacitor counter voltages have a phase difference of 180 degrees.

A liquid crystal display comprises a top polarizer 11, an optical compensating element, an anisotropic scattering layer 10, a scattering layer 7, and a liquid crystal device 20 incorporating therein a reflective layer 9. When the direction of viewing direction of the anisotropic scattering layer is designated as the Y-axis direction, and a direction oriented substantially at right angles to the Y-axis direction is designated as the X-axis direction, light entering the anisotropic scattering layer is scattered over a wider angle along the Y-axis direction than along the X-axis direction. Further, the incident angle dependence of the straight-go transmittance of the anisotropic scattering layer is symmetrical about the layer normal, and the straight-go transmittance in the layer normal direction is lower than the straight-go transmittance in any oblique direction.

The invention provides a compensation control method and system for the damping non-uniformity of an all-angle hemispherical resonator gyroscope. According to the method, through fitting calculation and real-time compensation, drift errors caused by damping non-uniformity can be effectively inhibited, and through the period integration technology, scale factor errors and residual sine and cosine errors existing in a loop after fitting compensation can be fundamentally eliminated, and the problem of strong angle dependence caused by a damping non-uniform error is solved, so that the control precision of the gyroscope can be improved. The system comprises a capacitor driving and detection module, an AD data acquisition module, a multiplication coherent demodulation module, an error parameter identification module, an amplitude phase control loop module, a fitting calculation module, a period integration module, a driving synthesis and control module and a DAC digital-to-analog conversion module. According to the technical scheme of the invention, the technical problem of drift error caused by non-uniform damping of the full-angle hemispherical resonator gyroscope is solved.

There is disclosed a hexagonal Group III-V nitride layer exhibiting high quality crystallinity capable of improving the properties of a semiconductor device such as a light emitting element. This nitride layer is a Group III-V nitride layer belonging to hexagonal crystal formed by growth on a substrate having a different lattice constant, which has a growth-plane orientation of {1-100} and in which a full width at half maximum b₁ of angle dependence of X-ray diffraction intensity in a {1-210} plane perpendicular to the growth-plane upon X-ray incident angle from a direction parallel to the growth-plane satisfies the condition of 0.01°≦b₁≦0.5°, or the full width at half maximum b₂ of angle dependence of X-ray diffraction intensity in a {0001} plane upon X-ray incident angle from a direction parallel to the growth-plane satisfies the condition of 0.01°≦b₂≦0.5°.

In one embodiment of the present invention, a liquid crystal display device is disclosed, each pixel includes first and second subpixels, each of which includes a storage capacitor. Storage capacitor counter voltages applied independently to the storage capacitor counter electrodes of the first and second subpixels are varied within each vertical scanning period of the input video signal. As a result, each vertical scanning period of the input video signal includes a first subframe in which the first and second subpixels have luminances Y_SP1_A and Y_SP2_A, respectively, and a second subframe SFB in which the first and second subpixels have luminances Y_SP1_B and Y_SP2_B, respectively, where Y_SP1_A≠Y_SP2_A, Y_SP1_B≠Y_SP2_B, and Y_SP1_A≠Y_SP1_B or Y_SP2_A≠Y_SP2_B are satisfied. As a result, the viewing angle dependence of the γ characteristic can be reduced with the decrease in the transmittance of the liquid crystal display device minimized.

The invention discloses a radiation refrigeration composite-photon-structure thin membrane and a preparation method thereof. The thin membrane comprises a fiber layer and a microsphere layer from bottom to top. The thin membrane system has the advantages of high sunlight reflection, high infrared radiation, low angle dependence and the like, reflection to energy of sunlight wave bands (0.25-2.5 microns) reaches 97%, the average emissivity in atmospheric window wave bands (8-13 microns) reaches 0.96, the temperature can be reduced by 10 DEG C to the greatest extent under irradiation of 1,000 W/m<2> sunlight, the radiation refrigeration effect is excellent, and the thin membrane has good flexibility and high strength. A simple two-step method is adopted as the preparation method and comprises the steps that the fiber layer is obtained through electrostatic spinning, and the microsphere layer is obtained through deposition of silicon dioxide microsphere dispersion liquid. The thin membrane is simple in structure, efficient in performance, easy to prepare, low in cost, capable of meeting the demand of industrial large-scale production, and high in potential application value.

An easy process of producing a substrate for liquid crystal display device, which contribute to reducing the viewing angle dependence of color of a liquid crystal display device, which comprises the following steps [1] and [2] in this order: [1] subjecting a substrate having at least one optically anisotropic layer and at least one photosensitive polymer layer on a support to light exposure; [2] removing partial or entire part of the optically anisotropic layer and the photosensitive polymer layer by a physical mean.

A liquid crystal display aimed at improving response speed, movie characteristics and viewing angle dependence of gradation is provided as having a liquid crystal panel including a plurality of gate lined selecting pixels and a plurality of data lines supplying pixel data, and a data driver dividing one frame into a plurality of fields to thereby convert a frame data into a field data, and supplying the field data to the data line, wherein in the last field out of the plurality of fields, the data line is applied with a first constant voltage, for the frame data ranging from the minimum gradation value to a first gradation value, and in the top field out of the plurality of fields, the data line is applied with a second constant voltage larger than the first constant voltage, for the frame data ranging from a second gradation value to the maximum gradation value.

The invention discloses an organic light-emitting diode (OLED) packaging structure, a manufacturing method thereof and a luminescent device. The OLED packaging structure comprises a substrate, OLEDs, blocked layers and optical modulation layers. The OLEDs are formed on the substrate. The blocked layers and the optical modulation layers are alternately formed on the OLEDs. According to the technical scheme of the OLED packaging structure and the manufacturing method thereof, the blocked layers and the optical modulation layers are alternately formed on the OLEDs, and by the optical modulation layers, the scattering light-emitting capability of the OLEDs is enhanced, and the propagation direction of a part of light is changed, so that the observation angle dependence of the OLEDs caused by a micro-cavity effect is reduced.

A color liquid crystal display is provided where the viewing angle dependence of the gamma characteristic is improved by employing a pixel division method and display with high color reproducibility can be achieved when the screen is viewed not only front the front but also at an angle. By referring to the correction tables for R, G, and B, the following gamma correction is performed independently for R, G, and B to achieve good color tracking. The chromaticity of the front view shifts toward blue in an oblique hue correction range (IL) defined according to the pixel division ratio etc. to reduce the shift of the chromaticity of an oblique view toward yellow in the oblique hue correction range (IL) while the color balance in the other ranges (the gray scale level from 32 to 255 excluding the oblique hue correction range) is maintained. This invention is suitable for a pixel-division color liquid crystal display.