The invention discloses a chitosan artificial nerve graft containing a neurotrophic factor and a preparation method thereof. The chitosan artificial nerve graft is prepared by processing chitosan into a nerve conduit with a porous structure and high tensile strength by virtue of weak acid dissolution, mold injection, freezing formation, neutralization and immobilization, cleaning, lyophilization and other processes under a condition of not adding any foaming agent or cross linking agent. The cell factor with a treatment effect in the nerve conduit is one or more of a basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), a brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a neurotrophic factor 3 (NT-3), a basic fibroblast cell growth factor (bFGF) and a glial-cell-line derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and the like. The product provided by the invention contains the neurotrophic factor, adopts degradable materials, and has excellent biocompatibility with a human body. The prepared product does not contain exogenous toxic or side-effect substances brought by a preparation process.