A method for preparing a precious metal palladium nanorod by means of cotton bollworm baculovirus nucleocapsid mainly includes the steps that cotton bollworm karyotype polyhedron virus raw powder is dispersed through ultra-pure water to obtain grey polyhedrin suspension, alkaline hydrolysis liquid is added into the grey polyhedrin suspension, the mixture stands still for 15-25 min, then the pH value is adjusted to be 7 through acetic acid, chloroform is added, centrifugalization is carried out for 5-10 min at the speed of 5000-6000 r / min, supernatant fluid is sucked, centrifugalization is carried out for 1-2 h at the temperature of 4-10 DEG C and at the speed of 25000-30000 r / min, pigmentation is re-suspeneded through a PBS solution, and a cotton bollworm baculovirus nucleocapsid solution is obtained; a PdCl2 solution is added into the cotton bollworm baculovirus nucleocapsid solution and fully and evenly mixed, incubation is carried out in a shaking mode for 15-25 h at the temperature of 20-30 DEG C and at the speed of 130-170 r / min, and the precious metal palladium nanorod loaded by the cotton bollworm baculovirus nucleocapsid is obtained. The method is simple in process, environmentally friendly and efficient, industrial production is easy to achieve, and the prepared palladium nanorod is stable in appearance and uniform in size.