The invention discloses a one-key type test method for optical digital relay protection devices. A test key is started by an operator, and then a digital tester reads information of a tested digital relay protection device through an Ethernet port and generates a test scheme according to IEC61850 communication standards, inspects the quantity of alternating current, voltage, input and output of the protection device, checks protection test items in turn until all test is completed, and automatically generates a test report. The method can really realize one-key type test, reduces requirements for testers, improves test efficiency, and avoids test errors produced because of inappropriate chosen test methods. The method has the advantages of ensuring more intelligent and automatic relay protection test process, shortening outage time, reducing labor intensity and interference of human factors and improving test reliability and accuracy.