The invention relates to the technical field of material performance testing, and provides a device and method for testing the friction sensitivity of explosives and powders. The testing device comprises a sample loading system, an explosion chamber, a pendulum bob mechanism, a temperature and humidity control system, a pressure loading system, and a rack. According to the invention, the influences of the temperature, humidity, speed and pressure are considered comprehensively, the influence of adverse factors of friction loss is reduced, the test control of temperature and humidity is increased, and the accuracy and controllability of speed are improved; and the influence of contact materials and surface roughness is also considered. More comprehensive and accurate friction sensitivity data can be obtained, and the influence of all parameters on friction safety in the actual explosive production and processing technology is reflected. The device and method are suitable for various explosive monomer semi-finished products, new components, new formulas, new types, medicaments, slurries and tablets. Friction sensitivity data obtained through the method can also be used for supporting and guiding mathematical model establishment, numerical calculation, analog simulation, new formulas, new equipment, new processes and other research and development work.