The invention discloses a test device of droplet evaporation and ignition based on dielectric barrier discharge. The device comprises a test chamber, a high-voltage power supply, a droplet injector, three L-shaped metal rods, a metal reticular cylinder, two metal bars, a high-voltage metal screen and a low-voltage metal plate, wherein a metal wire is arranged in the rod core of a droplet hanging rod in the droplet injector, and the droplet hanging rod is coated with quartz or ceramic; a first bottom end of the L-shaped metal rods is connected with the metal reticular cylinder; both a second bottom end of the L-shaped metal rods and a third bottom end of the L-shaped metal rods can both be detachably connected with the metal bars or the high-voltage metal screen or the low-voltage metal plate. By changing the installation mode of the L-shaped metal rods and the connection mode of the high-voltage power supply, three kinds of electrode arrangement modes can be realized, including coaxial electrode arrangement, parallel stigma electrode arrangement and parallel screen electrode arrangement. The test device of droplet evaporation and ignition based on dielectric barrier discharge has the advantages of improving the current situation of slow ignition, difficult ignition and unstable flame of liquid propellants, especially hydrocarbon liquid fuel, and realizing the active control of working medium evaporation and ignition process of the liquid propellants.