The invention relates to a device and a method for fruit and vegetable pesticide residues based on a laser Raman spectrometer. With the development of agricultural technology, various pesticides are used for prevention of fruit and vegetable pests in order to meet people's requirements in daily life by efficiently producing the fruits and vegetables with high yield, thus pesticide residues are formed on the surfaces of the fruits and vegetables unavoidably. The device for fruit and vegetable pesticide residues based on the laser Raman spectrometer comprises a display screen, a RS232 cable, a processor, a laser device, optical fibers, clamp nuts, a lens, a sample support, a probe housing, a reflective mirror, an optical fiber coupler, a pinhole, a focus lens, a collimating lens, optical gratings, a detector, a cut-off optical filter and a data line which are all fixed on the casing of the device. The device for fruit and vegetable pesticide residues based on the laser Raman spectrometer has the advantages of being compact in structure, low in power dissipation, high in stability, convenient to carry, and suitable for field detections. During detection, no movement of the device is needed, detection results are not affected by external vibrations, and the detection precision and speed are high.