The invention relates to a quick mould opening / closing control structure and a control method of a toggle type injection molding machine comprising an oil supply oil tank, a mould opening / closing hydraulic cylinder, a main oil pipeline, an oil return pipeline, a servo hydraulic driving device, a directional control valve and a proportional flow valve with feedback. By the device, the servo hydraulic driving device is utilized to provide pressure oil required by mould opening / closing, the pressure oil enters a mould opening / closing oil cylinder, then the set value of the mould opening / closing pressure is reasonably increased by utilizing the performance of the servo hydraulic driving device, and the speed tracing pressure of the pressure oil keeps high-speed running with large flow rate inthe mould opening / closing process; the proportional flow valve with the feedback is reasonably regulated at a mould closing stop stage and a mould opening termination stage to control the magnitude of the oil return quantity, oil return resistance is provided to prohibit the movement of a movable template, the rigid impact of the template to a machine in the high-speed running process is reduced,the mould opening / closing running is stable, and the accuracy of a stop position is high; and the quick mould opening / closing control structure and the method realize the advantages of high speed, high accuracy, high efficiency, low energy consumption and the like.