841results about How to "Improve electricity efficiency" patented technology

A substrate for a semiconductor device and a manufacturing thereof, and a semiconductor device using the same and a manufacturing method thereof are disclosed. For example, in the substrate according to the present invention, a core is eliminated, so that the substrate has a very thin thickness, as well, the length of electrically conductive patterns becomes shorter, whereby the electrical efficiency thereof is improved. Moreover, since a carrier having a stiffness of a predetermined strength is bonded on the substrate, it can prevent a warpage phenomenon during the manufacturing process of the semiconductor device. Furthermore, the carrier is removed from the substrate, whereby a solder ball fusing process or an electrical connecting process of the semiconductor die can be easily performed.

An imaging directional backlight apparatus including a waveguide, a light source array, for providing large area directed illumination from localized light sources. The waveguide may include a stepped structure, in which the steps may further include extraction features optically hidden to guided light, propagating in a first forward direction. Returning light propagating in a second backward direction may be refracted, diffracted, or reflected by the features to provide discrete illumination beams exiting from the top surface of the waveguide. Viewing windows are formed through imaging individual light sources and hence defines the relative positions of system elements and ray paths. The uncorrected system creates non-illuminated void portions when viewed off-axis preventing uniform wide angle 2D illumination modes. The system may be corrected to remove this non uniformity at wide angles through the introduction of additional sources away from the system's object plane, additional imaging surfaces, and / or by altering ray paths.

A directional display may include a waveguide. The waveguide may include light extraction features arranged to direct light from an array of light sources by total internal reflection to an array of viewing windows and a reflector arranged to direct light from the waveguide by transmission through extraction features of the waveguide to the same array of viewing windows. A further spatially multiplexed display device comprising a spatial light modulator and parallax element is arranged to cooperate with the illumination from the waveguide. An efficient and bright autostereoscopic display system with low cross talk and high resolution can be achieved.

Disclosed is a light guiding valve apparatus including at least one transparent stepped waveguide optical valve for providing large area collimated illumination from localized light sources, and at least one further illumination source. A stepped waveguide may be a stepped structure, where the steps include extraction features hidden to guided light, propagating in a first forward direction. Returning light propagating in a second backward direction may be refracted, diffracted, or reflected by the features to provide discrete illumination beams exiting from the top surface of the waveguide. Such controlled illumination may provide for efficient, multi-user autostereoscopic displays as well as improved 2D display functionality. Light from a separate illumination source may pass through the transparent stepped waveguide optical valve to provide at least one further additional illumination function.

An AC driven LED light string assembly is provided possessing reduced harmonic distortion and improved electrical efficiency when one or more series blocks of LED lamps is employed. In one embodiment, there is provided an LED light string employing a capacitor coupled in parallel across the light string AC input, or end connector terminals. According to another embodiment, LED light strings are to be manufactured with a substantially equal number of light strings produced with all LEDs in forward bias (anode first) and reverse bias (cathode first). This allows true randomness when large numbers of single series block LED light strings are connected in an end-to-end manner. It is possible to apply this concept to single LED lamps having two chips where one chip is powered in reverse bias to the second chip; thereby providing self-canceling harmonics within the single LED lamp.

A semiconductor light emitting element includes an conductive oxide film containing at least one element selected from the group consisting of zinc, indium, tin, and magnesium that is electrically connected to the semiconductor layer. The conductive oxide film includes a plurality of voids in the vicinity of the interface with the semiconductor layer.

An imaging directional backlight apparatus including a waveguide, a light source array, for providing large area directed illumination from localized light sources. The waveguide may include a stepped structure, in which the steps may further include extraction features optically hidden to guided light, propagating in a first forward direction. Returning light propagating in a second deflected direction may be refracted, diffracted, or reflected by the features to provide discrete illumination beams exiting from the top surface of the waveguide. Viewing windows are formed through imaging individual light sources from the side of the waveguide and hence defines the relative positions of system elements and ray paths. A directional backlight with small footprint and low thickness may be provided.

The electronic control unit sets a target value of a charging amount of the electrical storage device and increases the charging amount to the target value during traveling on the freeway. The electronic control unit computes a first travel cost being cost per unit travel distance of fuel used when the EV travel is made by using the electric power charged in the electrical storage device at a time when the HV travel is made on the freeway, and the second travel cost being cost per unit travel distance of the electric power used when the EV travel is made by using the electric power charged in the electrical storage device by the charging mechanism at the destination. The electronic control unit sets the target value on the basis of a comparison result between the first travel cost and the second travel cost.

A system for separating CO2 from combustion exhaust gas by means of MCFC multistacks comprises: a first MCFC unit (10) and a second MCFC unit (20), having respective cells (11, 21) with respective cathodic compartments (12, 22) and respective anodic compartments (13, 23); at least one CO2-capture unit (31, 32); and a connection network (30) that connects the units (10, 20) to one another and to the CO2-capture unit (31,32); the first unit (10) is formed by one or more MCFC cells (11) without active direct internal reformer; and the second unit (20) is formed by one or more MCFC cells (21) with active direct internal reformer; the units (10, 20) are connected in such a way that the exhaust gas to be treated are supplied to the cathodic compartments (12) of the cells (11) of the first unit (10), and the cathodic compartments (22) of the cells (21) of the second unit (20) are supplied with cathodic exhaust of the first unit (10), either alone or with additions that do not include portions of exhaust gas that have not previously passed into the cathodic compartments (12) of cells (11) of the first unit (10).

An imaging directional backlight apparatus including a waveguide, a light source array, for providing large area directed illumination from localized light sources. The waveguide may include a stepped structure, in which the steps may further include extraction features optically hidden to guided light, propagating in a first forward direction. Returning light propagating in a second backward direction may be refracted, diffracted, or reflected by the features to provide discrete illumination beams exiting from the top surface of the waveguide. Viewing windows are formed through imaging individual light sources by waveguide facets and rear reflector images in cooperation. Viewing windows may be provided at first and second different window planes to improve uniformity in a lateral direction. Further, stray light may be reduced by inner and outer portions of reflective facets with different inclinations for the rear reflector.

The invention relates to a process and a device for process realizing to increase the efficiency of power stations by improvement of the efficiency of using the heat potentials for an electric power production by using of supercritical carbon dioxide as a working fluid and heat transfer medium as well as for the improvement of the ecological balance of power stations by minimization of the carbon dioxide emission and the total avoidance of NOx-emissions by using of pure oxygen for the burning process. Additionally the process allows the buffering of electric overcapacity energy producing mass storages for natural gas, pressed air and carbon dioxide and their effective using as well as in the continuous operation and for peak load supply of power stations.

A semiconductor light emitting element includes an conductive oxide film containing at least one element selected from the group consisting of zinc, indium, tin, and magnesium that is electrically connected to the semiconductor layer. The conductive oxide film includes a plurality of voids in the vicinity of the interface with the semiconductor layer.

Disclosed is a light guiding valve apparatus including an imaging directional backlight, an illuminator array and an observer tracking system arranged to achieve control of an array of illuminators which may provide a directional display to an observer over a wide lateral and longitudinal viewing range, wherein the number of optical windows presented to the observer as viewing windows is controlled dependent on the lateral and longitudinal position or speed of an observer.

The present invention relates to a method for operating a converter system of a wind turbine, wherein the converter system includes converter modules capable of converting electric power produced by a generator to electric power applicable to a utility grid. The converter modules include generator inverters and grid inverters. The method determines the enabling / disabling of the converter modules in response to a parameter related to the variable amount of electric power being produced by the generator. Advantages of the present invention are optimisation of power efficiency of the converter modules and improved reliability of the converter modules. Another advantage is the capability of fast enabling and disabling of the converter modules.

An imaging directional backlight apparatus including a waveguide, a light source array, for providing large area directed illumination from localized light sources. The waveguide may include a stepped structure, in which the steps may further include extraction features optically hidden to guided light, propagating in a first forward direction. Returning light propagating in a second backward direction may be refracted, diffracted, or reflected by the features to provide discrete illumination beams exiting from the top surface of the waveguide. A rear reflector is arranged to receive light transmitted by the features and to provide polarization recirculation. Viewing windows are formed through imaging individual light sources and hence defines the relative positions of system elements and ray paths. Retarder stack arrangements are provided to increase the efficiency of polarization recirculation, reduce the visibility to damage and to reduce color changes with viewing angle.

An imaging directional backlight apparatus including a waveguide, a light source array, for providing large area directed illumination from localized light sources. The waveguide may include a stepped structure, in which the steps may further include extraction features optically hidden to guided light, propagating in a first forward direction. Returning light propagating in a second backward direction may be refracted, diffracted, or reflected by the features to provide discrete illumination beams exiting from the top surface of the waveguide. The directional backlight may be arranged to switch between at least a first wide angular luminance profile mode and a second narrow angular luminance profile mode. The directional backlight is arranged to illuminate an LCD with a bias electrode arranged to switch liquid crystal directors in black state pixels between a first wide angular contrast profile mode and a second narrow angular contrast profile mode. Performance of privacy operation for off-axis snoopers is enhanced in comparison to displays with only directional backlights or switchable contrast properties.

Disclosed is a light guiding valve apparatus including a light valve, a two dimensional light emitting element array and an input side arranged to reduce light reflection for providing large area directional illumination from localized light emitting elements with low cross talk. A waveguide includes a stepped structure, in which the steps may include extraction features hidden to guided light propagating in a first forward direction. Returning light propagating in a second backward direction may be refracted or reflected by the features to provide discrete illumination beams exiting from the top surface of the waveguide. Stray light falling onto a light input side of the waveguide is at least partially absorbed.

The present invention is a fuel cell power plant that includes a fuel cell having a membrane electrode assembly (MEA), which is disposed between an anode support plate and a cathode support plate, and porous water transport plates adjacent the anode and cathode support plates. The porous water transport plates have interdigitated flow channels for the reactant gas streams to pass therethrough and conventional flow channels for a coolant stream to pass therethrough. The fuel cell power plant also has means for creating a pressure differential between the reactant gas streams and the coolant stream such that the pressure of the reactant gas streams is greater than the coolant stream. Incorporating the interdigitated flow channels into the porous water transport plates and operating the fuel cell at a pressure differential allows the coolant water to saturate the water transport plates thereby forcing the reactant gases into the anode and cathode support plate. This, in turn, increases the mass transfer of such gases into the support plates, thereby increasing the electrical performance of the fuel cell. Current densities of about 1.6 amps per square meter are achieved with air stochiometries of not over 2.50.

To manage power of battery packs, charging currents and remaining capacities of the battery packs may be detected. An order for charging and discharging the battery packs may be determined based on the charging currents. The battery packs may be charged or discharged in the determined order based on whether an external voltage is detected. The battery packs may be charged using charging voltages with associated currents corresponding to the detected charging currents.

An imaging directional backlight apparatus includes a waveguide and a light source array, providing large area directed illumination from localized light sources. The waveguide may include a stepped structure, and the steps may further include extraction features optically hidden to guided light, propagating in a forward direction. Returning light propagating in a backward direction may be refracted, diffracted, or reflected by the features to provide discrete illumination beams exiting from the top surface of the waveguide. Viewing windows are formed through imaging individual light sources and define the relative positions of system elements and ray paths. The imaging directional backlight apparatus further includes a control system for controlling the light output directional distribution in an automotive or vehicle environment in dependence on the output from sensors mounted on the vehicle. The control system is arranged to control the light output direction distribution of portable directional displays co-located with the vehicle.

An imaging directional backlight apparatus including a waveguide, a light source array, for providing large area directed illumination from localized light sources. The waveguide may include a stepped structure, in which the steps may further include extraction features optically hidden to guided light, propagating in a first forward direction. Returning light propagating in a second backward direction may be refracted, diffracted, or reflected by the features to provide discrete illumination beams exiting from the top surface of the waveguide. A rear reflector is arranged to receive light transmitted by the features and to provide polarization recirculation. Viewing windows are formed through imaging individual light sources and hence defines the relative positions of system elements and ray paths. Retarder stack arrangements are provided to increase the efficiency of polarization recirculation, reduce the visibility to damage and to reduce color changes with viewing angle.

A directional backlight apparatus includes a directional waveguide and a light source array, for providing large area directed illumination from localized light sources. Interfaces are provided between the directional waveguide and optical components adjacent the directional waveguide such that the coefficient of friction at the waveguide interfaces is greater than the coefficient of friction at least one outer interface on each side of the waveguide in the stack. Damage from compressive forces on the optical stack may be reduced, achieving improved optical performance and lifetime. Privacy display, low stray light display and autostereoscopic display may be provided with high uniformity, long lifetime and reduced cost mechanical components.

This invention relates to improved ultra-wideband synthetic aperture radar and inverse synthetic aperture radar, capable of simultaneously and independently imaging a plurality of spectral and polarimetric channels covering multiple radio frequency octaves. Advances in technologies relating to signal processing, graphical user interfaces, color representations of multi-spectral radar images, low aerodynamic drag polarimetric SAR antenna systems, and synthetic aperture radar aircraft platforms are some of the advancements disclosed herein.

A solid polymer electrolyte membrane electrode assembly (cell) comprising a fuel electrode membrane disposed on one surface of a solid polymer electrolyte membrane, and an oxidant electrode membrane disposed on the other surface of the solid polymer electrolyte membrane, and wherein ions of at least one metal of Ce, Tl, Mn, Ag and Yb are contained in the solid polymer electrolyte membrane of the cell; and a solid polymer electrolyte fuel cell using the cell.

Embodiments of a vibrational energy harvester are provided. A vibrational energy harvester can include a translator layer sandwiched between two stator layers. The translator layer can include a plate having an array of magnets and two or more piezoelectric patches coupled to a tether beam attached to the plate. The stator layers can have a printed circuit board with multilayer electrical windings situated in a housing. In operation, vibration of the housing can result in bending of the piezoelectric patches coupled to the tether beam. This bending simultaneously results in a relative displacement of the translator, which causes a voltage potential in the piezoelectric patches, and a relative velocity between the translator and the stators, which induces a voltage potential in the stator coils. These voltage potentials generate an AC power, which can be converted to DC power through a rectification circuit incorporating passive and active conversion.

The invention discloses a method for processing a landfill leachate, which comprises the following steps of ammonia nitrogen removal, flocculent precipitate, electrolysis, capacitance desalination, anaerobic treatment, aerobic treatment, membrane filtration and membrane concentrate treatment. The method for processing the landfill leachate has the advantages that an electrolysis technology, a membrane technology and a bio-chemical technology are combined to form a method for processing the landfill leachate, the method has the characteristics of stable operation, strong adaptive capacity on water quality change, low cost, high treatment efficiency, effective reduction of index of ammonia nitrogen, COD, SS, chromaticity in the landfill leachate and standard discharge of effluent.

An electric drive comprising a stator with at least two ring-shaped windings and controllers, and a magnetized rotor with an axis of rotation. Each of said windings comprises at least one coil layer with circumferentially arrayed coils located around said axis, and a layer of electro-insulating material, and each winding is electrically connected to a power source through an individual controller. At least two said windings are electrically connected by their controllers in parallel, with the possibility to function jointly and / or independently. At least two nearest windings are located in such a way that two said coil layers belonging to the different windings are separated by an additional layer of electro-insulating material. The coils of said nearest coil layers of different windings are made the same in transparent view, so that the distances between corresponding parts of said coils of said nearest windings are equal to the thickness of said additional layer of an electro-insulating material. At least two said nearest windings are made as parts of a common multi-layer printed circuit board.

An imaging directional backlight apparatus including a waveguide, a light source array, for providing large area directed illumination from localized light sources. The waveguide may include a stepped structure, in which the steps may further include extraction features optically hidden to guided light, propagating in a first forward direction. Returning light propagating in a second backward direction may be refracted, diffracted, or reflected by the features to provide discrete illumination beams exiting from the top surface of the waveguide. Viewing windows are formed through imaging individual light sources and hence defines the relative positions of system elements and ray paths. Lateral non-uniformities of output image are improved by means of adjustment of input aperture shape and reflective aperture shape. Cross talk in autostereoscopic and privacy displays may further be improved by light blocking layers arranged on the input end of the waveguide.

Semiconductor diode lasers are phase-locked by direct current injection and combined to form a single coherent output beam. The optical power is amplified by use of fiber amplifiers. Electronically control of the optical phases of each emitter enables power efficient combining of output beams to be maintained under dynamic conditions.

The invention relates to an electric energy management socket which is connected with an electric device and is used for supplying electricity to the electric device. The socket comprises a sensing circuit, an electric device identification database, a micro control unit and a power circuit, wherein the sensing circuit is used for detecting the voltage or current values of the electric device on the socket and outputting the values; the electric device identification database is used for storing the current parameter values of at least a specific electric product; the micro control unit is used for receiving the values output by the sensing circuit, operates and is compared with the electric device identification database after analog / digital converting of signals to identify whether the electric device is the specific electric device. The power circuit is used for providing power source to the above component.