The invention discloses a preparation method of a metal or metal oxide particle-containing CeO2 fiber catalyst, and belongs to the field of preparation of nanocatalysts. The novel fiber-based supported catalyst is obtained by adopting a cocatalyst CeO2 fiber as a supporter to support a main catalyst metal or metal oxide nanoparticle. The method comprises the following steps: 1, respectively dissolving a CeO2 precusor, a polymer and a metal or metal salt in a solvent, magnetically stirring, and mixing and stirring to obtain a spinning precursor solution; 2, carrying out an electrostatic spinning technology to make metal or metal CeO2 / polymer supported composite precursor fibers; and 3, carrying out high temperature calcining and hydrogen reduction to obtain the metal or metal oxide nanoparticle / CeO2 fiber supported catalyst. The method is simple and easy, and the metal or metal oxide particle has good dispersibility and large specific surface area; and the catalyst high the characteristics of high catalysis activity and easy recovery, and has wide application prospect in the future catalysis industry.