233results about How to "Undesirable effect" patented technology

A set (50) of one or more laser pulses (52) is employed to remove passivation layer (44) over a conductive link (22). The link (22) can subsequently be removed by a different process such as chemical etching. The duration of the set (50) is preferably shorter than 1,000 ns; and the pulse width of each laser pulse (52) within the set (50) is preferably within a range of about 0.05 ps to 30 ns. The set (50) can be treated as a single “pulse” by conventional laser positioning systems (62) to perform on-the-fly material removal without stopping whenever the laser system (60) fires a set (50) of laser pulses (52) at each target area (51). Conventional wavelengths in the IR range or their harmonics in the green or UV range can be employed.

The invention relates to a method and apparatus for opto-thermo-mechanical treatment of biological tissue. A biological tissue area 8 is irradiated with a radiation in the optical wavelength range with predetermined parameters, the radiation being modulated and spatially formed under a predetermined law; the irradiation is accompanied by simultaneous thermal and mechanical treatment of the area 8; concurrently with the irradiation of the biological tissue area, spatial distribution of physico-chemical and geometrical characteristics is measured both in the zone of direct optical treatment and in close vicinity, using a control diagnostic system 4; a data processing unit 7 coordinates parameters of optical radiation spatial formation and modulation with each other and with the biological tissue characteristics and provides a control signal to an optical radiation power and time modulation control unit 2 and a device 3 for delivering optical radiation and forming spatial distribution of optical radiation power on the surface and in the bulk of the biological tissue 8. Optical radiation parameters are adjusted responsive to control signals of the control-diagnostic system 4 during irradiation as a function of continuously changing characteristics of spatial distribution of physico-chemical and geometrical characteristics both in and beyond the directly treated biological tissue area.

In one aspect, a system for reducing noise or vibration generated by an internal combustion engine is described. An engine controller is arranged to generate firing information suitable for operating the working chambers of the engine in a skip fire manner to deliver a desired amount of torque. A noise / vibration reduction unit is arranged to help reduce noise or vibration based on the firing information. The noise / vibration controller actively controls a device that is not a part of the engine to alter an NVH characteristic of the vehicle in a desired manner based at least in part on a skip fire characteristic.

An optical parametric oscillator (OPO) is described that efficiently converts a near-infrared laser beam to tunable mid-infrared wavelength output. In some embodiments, the OPO includes an optical resonator containing a nonlinear crystal, such as periodically-poled lithium niobate. The OPO is pumped by a continuous-wave fiber-laser source having a low-power oscillator and a high-power amplifier, or using just a power oscillator). The fiber oscillator produces a single-frequency output defined by a distributed-feedback (DFB) structure of the fiber. The DFB-fiber-laser output is amplified to a pump level consistent with exceeding an oscillation threshold in the OPO in which only one of two generated waves (“signal” and “idler”) is resonant within the optical cavity. This pump source provides the capability to tune the DFB fiber laser by straining the fiber (using an attached piezoelectric element or by other means) that allows the OPO to be continuously tuned over substantial ranges, enabling rapid, wide continuous tuning of the OPO output frequency or frequencies.

A method of providing intensity modulated radiation therapy to a moving target is disclosed. The target moves periodically along a trajectory that is projected onto a multi-leaf collimator (MLC) plane. The MLC plane is divided into thin slices parallel to the movement of the target. The present invention optimizes the leaf sequence such that, within each slice, if a point receives radiation, all other points in that slice that receive the same amount or more fluence are also receiving radiation at the same time.

Acid-containing oral pharmaceutical compositions are provided wherein the pharmaceutical active agents are peptide compounds (i.e., those that include a plurality of amino acids and at least one peptide bond in their molecular structures). Certain barrier layers and / or particulate coated acid are used to reduce any adverse interactions that might otherwise occur between the acid of the compositions and other components of the composition. Use of these barrier layers and / or use of particulate coated acid is believed to promote a more simultaneous release of the components of the composition than is achieved by prior art acid-protection techniques, thus enhancing, and making more consistent, the bioavailability of the active peptide compounds.

A microphone is constructed to be more tolerant to a wide range of relative humidity conditions without adversely affecting the performance of the microphone. The microphone includes a housing with a sound port for receiving sound and an electret assembly for converting the sound into an output signal. The electret assembly includes a diaphragm and a backplate. The backplate is made of at least two layers, usually polymeric layers. The first layer of material has a first hygroscopic coefficient and a second layer of material has a second hygroscopic coefficient. The first and second layers cause the backplate to bend in response to higher humidity conditions, thereby minimizing the adverse effects on microphone performance caused by characteristic changes in the diaphragm at the higher humidity conditions.

A PVD coating is disclosed, and in particular a nanoscale multilayer superlattice PVD coating comprising high hardness, a low friction coefficient and increased chemical inertness. The multilayer coating comprises a repeating bilayer represented by (VxMe(i-x))CyN(i-y) / (MezV(1-z))CyN(i-y) where 0.1≦x≦0.9; 0.01<y<0.99 and 0.1≦z≦0.9 and Me is a substantially pure metal or a metal alloy. The composition of the coating through the layers alternates from layer to layer according to a V-rich layer and a Me-rich layer modulated sequence. Vanadium is incorporated within the layer composition and has been found to act as a lubricating agent during sliding wear. Carbon, also incorporated within the coating, serves to further stabilise the friction coefficient thereby increasing the chemical inertness between cutting tool and workpiece material.