The invention discloses an alignment and coupling method and device of an array waveguide component based on the particle swarm optimization. The method comprises the steps that initial light searching is carried out on the array waveguide component, the peak positions based on the particle swarm optimization-mathematical optimization are searched, self-adaptation change inertia weight is added, and simulated analysis is carried out; limited measurement light power values are adopted and optimization iteration is carried out; and actual peak positions are found out through optimization iteration. The device comprises a CCD system device, a laser light source, a first locating module, a second locating module, a waveguide chip, first array optical fibers, second array optical fibers, a light power detection module, a control system and an alignment coupling algorithm module. According to the method and device, peak points can be found out through few iteration times based on the particle swarm optimization, searching efficiency is improved, man-made permission setting is not involved in the optimizing process, the defects of current automatic alignment and coupling are overcome, and the convergence rate, partial searching capacity and searching accuracy are improved.