The invention relates to a long steel rail transport vehicle set capable of rapidly unloading steel rails, which is characterized by comprising an unloading operation vehicle, wherein the unloading operation vehicle is provided with a steel rail unloading device; the steel rail unloading device comprises a winding device for pulling and unloading the steel rails and a pusher for pushing the steelrails; tracks are controlled by a guiding device, a tracking device and a lifting rail door at the time of unloading the steel rails; and the winding device, the pusher, the guiding device, the tracking device, the lifting rail door are fixed on the unloading operation vehicle body in sequence along with the running direction. The long steel rail transport vehicle set is formed by grouping six types of vehicles which are successively hung in serials, namely an unloading operation vehicle, a rail transporting heading vehicle, front rail transporting vehicles, a locking vehicle I, a locking vehicle II, rear rail transporting vehicles, and a rail transporting tail vehicle, wherein the number of the front rail transporting vehicles and the rear rail transporting vehicles depends on length of the transported steel rails. The long steel rail transport vehicle set has the advantages of large carrying capacity, simple structure, safety and reliability, high working efficiency of transporting and unloading the steel rails, and lower transportation cost.