The present invention discloses a high performance polymer foaming cement thermal insulation material, which comprises, by weight, 30-50 parts of cement, 5-15 parts of fly ash, 0.1-0.4 part of anti-cracking fiber, 0-0.3 part of a reinforcing agent, 0-2 parts of redispersible latex powder or an emulsion, 25-35 parts of water, and 2.0-4.0 parts of a composite foaming agent. The preparation method comprises: weighing various components; adding the water, the anti-cracking fiber and the reinforcing agent; stirring for 1-2 minutes; then adding the fly ash and the cement, and stirring for 2-3 minutes; then adding the composite foaming agent, and stirring for 10-20 seconds; placing the resulting slurry in a mold, standing for 2-3 hours, and then carrying out demolding; and cutting after 24 hours, then packaging, and carrying out concrete curing until the curing time is 28 days. The foaming cement thermal insulation material of the present invention is a lightweight material with a fire-protection rating of class A, has characteristics of thermal insulation, durability, heat insulation, sound insulation and environment protection, and is used for building interior and exterior insulation materials, fire barriers, roofing thermal insulation materials, and the like.