The invention discloses a distributed sensing fiber sound emission fusion perception system and a running method. The perception system comprises a sensing fiber temperature-sensitive compensation device and a sensing fiber sound emission demodulation device, wherein a sensing fiber in the sensing fiber temperature-sensitive compensation device is compensated, and enters the sensing fiber sound emission demodulation device. By adopting the fusion perception system, pure overlapping of the conventional simple technologies is broken through on the aspects of mechanism and practical engineering application; a femtosecond laser optical frequency comb technology is introduced and fused with a sound emission technology, and Rayleigh ejection scattering and Brillouin scattering are separated, so that sound emission waves are perceived in a grading way; a multi-device multi-module and multi-component fusion system consisting of the sensing fiber temperature-sensitive compensation device and the optical fiber sound emission demodulation device has the advantages of spatial positioning, whole-process distribution, high spatial resolution, high detection accuracy, quantitative detection and the like, and has great advantages on the aspects of lowering the monitoring cost, increasing the monitoring accuracy, improving the engineering practical performance, and the like.