3699 results about "Safety monitoring" patented technology

Systems, methods and devices for integrating alternative energy sources and energy storage components into a single device with systems for control and safety monitoring to provide for use of the generated power on the premises, resale of power to the utility, and for power supply from storage and / or the alternative energy sources in the event of an interruption of supply from a utility's power grid. The device integrates the necessary components into a cabinet for use as a home appliance. The power storage and supply device cabinet contains essentially all necessary electrical components including charge controllers, inverters, relay circuitry, circuit breakers, and energy storage modules, such as batteries. A local controller device is disposed inside the cabinet and is configured to monitor and control the processes conducted by the power storage and supply device. The cabinet includes a ventilation system which uses an air intake located at the bottom of the cabinet for receiving air that is pulled into the lower section of the cabinet by fans located in the middle of the cabinet. The air is then circulated into the upper section of the cabinet where it is vented out through exhaust ports. Further, the cabinet of the power storage and supply device is compartmentalized by a separator panel that divides access to the compartments of the cabinet according to both levels associated with safety and a user's expertise.

The invention discloses a method based on multilevel filtering face recognition. The method comprises the following steps of: collecting a face image of a detected man through an image collection system on a user terminal; automatically detecting and partitioning an exact position of a face from the collected face image by a face detection and positioning system, and performing intelligent indication and image quality real-time monitoring on a face image collection process through an automatic and real-time face image quality detection system; extracting characteristic points from the face image of the user terminal according to an image quality detection threshold value, and generating corresponding target face templates; and performing real-time comparison on a face to be recognized which is detected by a client and a known face database based on a multilevel filter searching algorithm through a background server, finding out the face template having the highest matching score, judging according to a preset threshold value of the system and determining identity information of the shot man in real time. The invention also provides an intelligent identity recognition and safety monitoring system based on a multilevel face filtering and searching technology with high reliability and flexibility.

The invention relates to a safety monitoring early warning and safety management system of oil and gas extraction and gathering operations as well as a method thereof, belonging to the technique field of safety production monitoring and supervision, and the system is composed of a monitoring center arranged at an oil and gas extraction safety monitoring and management department and a plurality of on-site monitoring terminals disposed at all oil and gas extraction operation areas. The method comprises: collecting and transmitting safety-related parameter signals, video signals and audio signals in real time; implementing the analog-digital conversion or signal conversion and compression coding to the signals; then transmitting the signals to all hosts of the monitoring center; processing and analyzing the received three types of signal information by all the hosts and then carrying out the parameter monitoring, video monitoring and audio communication respectively; and outputting the processed three types of information to the spot for being controlled correspondingly. The invention can realize the risk assessment, dynamic intelligent monitoring, safety state analysis, accident early warning and alarming, safety guarantee control and safety management of the whole process of operations ranging from oil and gas extraction, heating, separation processing, storage to transportation for oil and gas production enterprises.

The invention relates to a movement human abnormal behavior identification method based on template matching, which mainly comprises the steps of: video image acquisition and behavior characteristic extraction. The movement human abnormal behavior identification method is a mode identification technology based on statistical learning of samples. The movement of a human is analyzed and comprehended by using a computer vision technology, the behavior identification is directly carried out based on geometric calculation of a movement region and recording and alarming are carried out; the Gaussian filtering denoising and the neighborhood denoising are combined for realizing the denoising, thereby improving the independent analysis property and the intelligent monitoring capacity of an intelligent monitoring system, achieving higher identification accuracy for abnormal behaviors, effectively removing the complex background and the noise of a vision acquired image, and improving the efficiency and the robustness of the detection algorithm. The invention has simple modeling, simple algorithm and accurate detection, can be widely applied to occasions of banks, museums and the like, and is also helpful to improve the safety monitoring level of public occasions.

A safety monitoring system for a workspace area. The workspace area related to a region having automated moveable equipment. A plurality of vision-based imaging devices capturing time-synchronized image data of the workspace area. Each vision-based imaging device repeatedly capturing a time synchronized image of the workspace area from a respective viewpoint that is substantially different from the other respective vision-based imaging devices. A visual processing unit for analyzing the time-synchronized image data. The visual processing unit processes the captured image data for identifying a human from a non-human object within the workspace area. The visual processing unit further determining potential interactions between a human and the automated moveable equipment. The visual processing unit further generating control signals for enabling dynamic reconfiguration of the automated moveable equipment based on the potential interactions between the human and the automated moveable equipment in the workspace area.

A network security monitor system groups a plurality of security events into network sessions, correlates the network sessions according to a set of predefined network security event correlation rules and generates a security incident for the network sessions that satisfy one of the network security event correlation rules. The system then presents the information of the network sessions and security incidents to a user of the system in an intuitive form. The user is able to not only learn the details of a possible network attack, but also creates new security event correlation rules intuitively, including drop rules for dropping a particular type of events.

The invention provides an intelligent nursing system for old people. The intelligent nursing system comprises a control host, a nursing platform subsystem, a life assistance subsystem and a safety monitoring subsystem. The life assistance subsystem and the safety monitoring subsystem are respectively connected to the nursing platform subsystem through the control host. The life assistance subsystem is used for achieving control over appliance switch-on / off, emergency warning and safety guard of a life assistance device. The safety monitoring subsystem is used for achieving safety monitoring of daily life of old people, wherein safety monitoring includes falling over prevention, warning and environment detection. The nursing platform subsystem performs statistics and analysis on collected data through the control host. According to the intelligent nursing system for old people, assistance and nursing of daily life of housebound old people are achieved; especially, with regard to the assistance and nursing of health conditions and home safety of old people, sons, daughters and other relatives can check in a remote mode; besides, the functions of action monitoring, action assistance, emergency warning and the like for housebound old people are achieved.

The invention discloses a vehicle driving safety monitoring method, a vehicle driving safety monitoring device and a vehicle driving safety monitoring system. The vehicle driving safety monitoring method comprises the steps of: determining a driving route range between a starting address and a destination address as well as a reasonable time range of arriving at the destination address by a taxi taking server according to the starting address and the destination address contained in a taxi booking request; sending an in-vehicle image acquisition command to vehicle-mounted intelligent equipment if the taxi taking server determines that vehicle position exceeds the driving route range or the vehicle driving time exceeds the reasonable time range according to driving data of a vehicle transmitted by the vehicle-mounted intelligent equipment, so that the vehicle-mounted intelligent equipment acquires in-vehicle image information and transmits the in-vehicle image information to the taxi taking server; comparing the in-vehicle image information acquired in the former period and the later period on the basis of the in-vehicle image information acquired after the vehicle-mounted intelligent equipment responds to the taxi booking request and a passenger gets on the vehicle; and sending alarm information to a safety monitoring server when determining that an unsafe index reaches a preset alarm threshold value, and notifying traffic police near the vehicle to vehicle to check or monitor the vehicle to ensure driving safety.

The invention relates to an operation and safety monitoring simulation system for a power system, which comprises a power system full digital real-time simulation subsystem used for simulating the operation of a large-scale power system in real time and providing simulation data to other subsystems, a power market simulation subsystem used for simulating and training power market transaction, a PMU / WAMS subsystem used for carrying out real-time dynamic monitoring and analysis on a simulated power system, an SCADA / EMS subsystem used for monitoring and analyzing the simulated power system, a fault information management subsystem used for managing and comprehensively utilizing fault information, a power system dynamic safety assessment and early warning subsystem used for carrying out safety assessment and early warning on the current power system and carrying out safety verification on the operation mode of a future plan, a safety and stability control system performance test subsystem used for testing the performance of a protective relay device, a power system stabilizer (PSS) and other automated equipment as well as a safety and stability control system and equipment, a power system fault diagnosis subsystem used for carrying out on-line diagnosis and intelligent safety alarming on the fault of the simulated power system and providing a dispatching control decision under the fault condition, and a power system recovery control subsystem used for recognizing the state of the fault of the simulated power system, searching and inferring the power supply path of an outage region and providing a power grid recovery control strategy. The system can simulate the operation of a large-scale power grid in real time, and can be used for searching and comprehensively testing the technology and software of various power systems in dispatching, operation, control and other aspects.

The invention relates to a monitoring device of high pressure system which is used for electric automobile electromobile or mixing drive automobile, it includes battery manage module supplies a weak signal at the end of the high pressure system, and receive the signal at the other end, through compare the crest value of the signal to judge high pressure system whether or not short circuit or broken fault, in the close process of high pressure system, through compare the relation between the voltage across of high pressure system and voltage across of battery, achieve the safely connect of the high pressure system.

The invention relates to the field of the car electronic and artificial intelligent field, and particularly discloses an active-mode intelligent safety monitoring instrument for a car and a monitoring method thereof. The active-mode intelligent safety monitoring instrument for the car comprises an embedded system (comprising a microprocessor, a monitoring program and relevant algorithm, which are cured inside a chip), a GPS module, a GSM module, an SIM card reader, an alarming device, a CCD camera, a multi-axis acceleration sensor, a power supply system (a lithium battery, a solar battery and a power supply adapter interface), an integrated circuit board, a shell (comprising a functional plate and a battery cover), an antitheft remote controller, a buckling-type rubbery-prevention remote controller and a power supply adapter. The instrument utilizes the GPS to realize the positioning, displacement bulgur prevention, speed measurement and timing, utilizes GSM to realize the auxiliary positioning and the SMS automatic alarming, utilizes the CCD combination mode to identify and monitor the fatigue driving, robbery and accident state and utilizes the acceleration sensor to detect the accident state. The instrument can realize the functions such as mobile positioning, over-speed alarming, positioning antitheft automatic alarming, positioning robbery-prevention alarming, fatigue driving prevention and warning, traffic accident automatic positioning, alarming and help, and the like.

The invention discloses a forward safety monitoring and warning device for an automobile. The forward safety monitoring and warning device comprises a decision-making system, a perception system, a laser radar module, an ultrasonic radar module, a driving system, an intelligent remote control unit, and a man-machine interactive system, wherein the decision-making system syncretises data collected by perception system and processes it according to the decision algorithm, and acquires decision-making data to control the vehicle and control the vehicle to execute the control task; the perception system connected with the decision-making system comprises a differential GPS module used to provide vehicle position information and heading attitude; the laser radar module is used for acquiring barrier information of the front of the automobile; the ultrasonic radar module is used for sensing environmental information around the automobile; the driving system is connected to the decision-making system through an intelligent remote control unit and the intelligent remote control unit is also connected with an actuating mechanism in the bottom of the automobile for controlling the automobile and switching automatic driving mode and traditional mode; the man-machine interactive system is used to display vehicle status, command information, conduct performance and geographic information. The adoption of drive-by-wire chassis and modular design reduces the cost of debugging, improves the efficiency of developing and facilitates expansion.

The invention relates to the technical field of new energy automobile battery safety monitoring, and particularly relates to a battery thermal runaway detection system. The battery thermal runaway detection system comprises an intelligent instrument, a background monitoring center and a thermal runaway detector arranged in a battery box. The battery thermal runaway detection system is characterized in that the thermal runaway detector comprises a data acquisition device and a master control device. The data acquisition device is used for acquiring the current thermal runaway parameters of all the detection nodes in the battery box and transmitting the current thermal runaway parameters to the master control device. The master control device comprises a CPU core processing module, a communication transmission module and a performing device control module. The invention also relates to a battery thermal runaway detection method comprising the steps that whether a flame value is greater than or equal to the preset flame threshold is judged; data filtering is performed on temperature, gas and smoke parameters so that characteristic values are extracted; and the parameters are comprehensively processed so that starting a fire-extinguishing device or giving a warning signal is determined. The beneficial effects are that the detection system is enabled to accurately grasp the fire extinguishing time so that the hidden trouble can be timely disposed.

Systems and methods for monitoring conditions that affect the quality of food being served. Conditions such as temperature and elapsed time affect the quality of food and the safety of food consumers. Various embodiments of monitoring systems can be incorporated with different types of food containers. Sensors such as temperature probes can provide temperature information about the container and / or the food being served. The monitoring system can use such information in conjunction with elapsed time information in various ways. The monitored information can be displayed generally “real-time,” or it can be stored for subsequent analysis. The monitored information can also be used to trigger an alarm or similar indicator when a condition detrimental to food-serving is present. Various embodiments of the monitoring system having such features can be packaged in various embodiments, including a self-contained unit and an assembly of modular components linked by wire and / or wireless connections.

The invention discloses a chemical industrial park management information system based on the GIS and belongs to the technical field of chemical industrial safety accident monitoring early warning. The chemical industrial park management information system based on the GIS comprises a site system arranged on a chemical industrial park site and upper systems arranged on a safety supervision department and a fire department, wherein the site system is connected with the upper systems through the Internet or a private network. The chemical industrial park management information system based on the GIS can provide intact solutions to safety monitoring, accident early warning and emergency management of enterprises in a chemical industrial park, and provides timely accurate information and data support to graded supervision and accident emergency rescue which are conducted by all levels of government departments, such as the safety supervision department and the fire department, on the enterprises in the chemical industrial park. Therefore, grave and extraordinarily serious accidents are prevented and eliminated in the chemical industrial park, and lives and property of the people are guaranteed.

The invention relates to an Internet of Things smart home security gateway system. The system comprises a user side, a security gateway and a terminal node. The user side and the terminal node each comprise a data encrypting / decrypting module used for encrypting / decrypting a sent control order and received data through a preset encrypting program on a remote client side or the terminal node; the security gateway comprises a safety communication module, a user access control and node identity authentication module, a credible platform module and a log audit and alarm module; the safety communication module achieves data safety filtering, reconstructing and forwarding and guarantees safety of the bi-direction transmission; the credible platform module is used for achieving system safety authentication, user behavior credibility analysis, data sealing storage and free decoupling and can be independently maintained and upgraded; the log audit and alarm module is used for recording user access and node authentication behaviors, carrying out safety audit on the operation of viewing logs and giving a timely alarm for an abnormal phenomenon found in the gateway system safety monitoring process. By means of the Internet of Things smart home security gateway system, the safety performance of a smart home system and the running efficiency of a gateway can be improved, and a safety guarantee is provided for Internet of Things smart home.

The invention relates to an area intelligent power distribution network system. Based on a management platform with a main station, a feed line, a power distribution network and centralized checking in one body, data in an area is centralized in a low voltage distribution information system for processing. The low voltage distribution information system is background application software with distribution monitoring metering, low voltage reactive compensation, a user electric quantity centralized checking system, a load control management system, and harmonic wave monitoring analysis in one body, and automation of acquisition and management of low voltage distribution network data is realized. According to the system, intelligent safety monitoring is carried out on a 10 kV distribution line and a distribution terminal device, simultaneously accurate and scientific intelligent monitoring is carried out on a 400 V distribution line, an operation status of distribution transform is grasped and reasonable management is carried out according to a requirement, by utilizing information positioning and navigation of the power distribution network, timely reaction can be carried out on an equipment line or fault, the fault is isolated automatically, distribution recovery is rapid, power supply quality is improved, and intelligent automatic management and control of an area intelligent power distribution network are realized.

A system and method are disclosed for utilizing a single integrated EP / ablation catheter to treat cardiac arrhythmias. The disclosed catheter combines the EP signal monitoring of a traditional EP diagnostic catheter, and optical energy for the ablation therapy, which is expected to provide a more efficient, accurate and reliable method of cardiac ablation than current RF techniques since it is based on real-time EP signal mapping, with precise pathological tissue localization, cardiac arrhythmia severity characterization and delivers predictable energy doses with continuous safety monitoring of the intracardiac signals.

The invention discloses a vibration and audio signal-based high-speed train track damage detecting method, belongs to the field of signal detection and processing as well as safety monitoring, and solves the problems of low detection speed and single detection method in the conventional train track damage detection. The method comprises the following steps: 1, acquiring vibration signals and audio signals of a train track through sensors arranged at train track detection points; 2, respectively extracting information characteristics included in the vibration signals and the audio signals; 3, respectively obtaining a nonlinear correlation curve of the vibration signals and a nonlinear correlation curve of the audio signals by using a nonlinear correlation analysis method; 4, respectively analyzing the information of the two nonlinear correlation curves obtained in the step 3 so as to respectively obtain minimum values of the two nonlinear correlation curves; and 5, carrying out data fusion on the two minimum values and corresponding information thereof so as to obtain a damage coefficient, and looking up a table to obtain the damage degree according to the coefficient. The method is suitable for detecting the damage on railway train tracks and monitoring the safety operation of trains.

The invention discloses a dam safety comprehensive evaluation method based on depth learning, and adopts a multi-level dam safety monitoring system for comprehensive safety evaluation. The method comprises the following steps: 1, in the step of dam safety monitoring measure point grading, according to dam engineering characteristics, the monitoring system is abstracted into a tree structure; 2, in the step of monitoring measure point data preprocessing, missing values are filled and obvious anomaly values are excluded for measure point data; 3, in the step of calculating and classifying measure point threshold, calculation is conducted on a measure point selection model, the measure point threshold is determined and measure points are classified; 4, in the step of constructing a convolution network for training and evaluation, the evaluation results of a dam and the monitoring system at all levels by professional monitors are obtained as a training set and a testing set, then the convolution neural network is trained based on the training set and the testing set, and finally the safety comprehensive evaluation for the dam is made.

The invention discloses a safety monitoring and fire alarming integrated system and method based on an infrared imaging technology. The system comprises a plurality of infrared cameras, a plurality of data processing modules and a monitoring computer, wherein the infrared cameras are respectively erected in a plurality of places in which safety monitoring needs to be implemented and are used for shooting the infrared charts of monitored areas and outputting infrared chart analog signals related to the infrared charts, which comprise temperature values, of the monitored areas; each data processing module is arranged near each infrared camera and is used for converting the infrared chart analog signals to infrared digital signals for standard network transmission; and the monitoring computer is used for generating and outputting signals of controlling the cameras, receiving, analyzing, processing, managing and controlling the digital signals, determining the types of the dangerous cases aiming at the abnormal conditions, and giving an alarm. The system and the method have the beneficial effect of improving the flexibility and timeliness of safety monitoring and fire alarming and the accuracy of alarming.

The invention relates to a vehicle collision warning system based on optical communication, which comprises optical indicators and optical detectors and is used for the safety monitoring and the information interaction among running vehicles. The optical indicators are distributed around or on the top of a vehicle and can transmit modulated optical signals in different directions, wherein the optical signals carry the angle indication information, mounting position information and other information of the vehicle which are corresponding to the optical signals, thereby forming optical antennae. The optical detectors mounted on another vehicle can detect optical pulse signals transmitted by a certain light emitting diode (LED) of the optical indicators and then extract the carried indication angle information, mounting position information and the like; and a processing unit of the optical detector analyzes and processes the information, estimates whether an abnormal running state exists based on the change rate of light indication angle, the change rate of light intensity and the like, and outputs the result to other systems of the vehicle by a controller.

A running safety monitor system for car is composed of a car-carried digital image information acquiring unit with a built-in digital camera, and a car-carried embedded computer platform with a systematic image processing and decision control unit. Its monitor method includes such steps as acquiring the real-time image of ambient environment, generating digital image information, processing and analyzing the image information, classifying, and alarming when the signal class reaches an alarm standard.

A coal mine underground safety comprehensive monitoring system based on fiber grating sensors and belongs to a coal mine underground safety monitoring system. The system comprises an aboveground part and an underground part; the aboveground part comprises a static fiber grating demodulator, a computer data processing system, a printer, a server and a client; the underground part comprises an optical switch array, a working face safety monitoring subsystem and a laneway safety monitoring subsystem; each of the two monitoring subsystems at least comprises a monitoring base station; each monitoring base station at least comprises a survey station; each survey station is corresponding to one group of fiber grating sensors; the advantage is that the system adopts multiple survey stations to perform underground multi-parameter monitoring, integrates the fiber grating sensors, adopts all-optical survey and optical fibers for signal transmission, is intrinsically safe, has high anti-electromagnetic interference capability and a good monitoring effect, realizes real-time continuous long-term on-line monitoring and the sharing of data in an entire mining area to better guide the safety production of a coal mine, can effectively reduce safety accidents of the coal mine and realizes safe and efficient production of the coal mine.

The invention discloses a DNS (Domain Name Server) safety monitoring system and method of a domain name resolution system. The DNS safety monitoring system comprises a data acquisition module and an event analysis module, wherein the data acquisition module is used for acquiring the network data of a DNS and providing the network data to the event analysis module; and the event analysis module isused for analyzing the network data and generating a monitoring result. The system and the method can be used for preventing network attacks such as domain name hijacks, site phishing, zombie attacks, and the like and improving the running stability and reliability of the DNS.

The invention provides a high-pressure hydrogen supply system for an external supplying type hydrogen filling station, which can fill hydrogen fuel for fuel cell powered vehicles. The hydrogen supply system mainly comprises a pipe bundle hydrogen conveying vehicle, a fixed high-pressure hydrogen storage tank group, a parallel multi-compressor pressurizing system, a high-pressure hydrogen filling system, and a data acquiring, processing and safety monitoring system. The high-pressure hydrogen supply system takes the pipe bundle hydrogen conveying vehicle as a part of a hydrogen storage container of the hydrogen filling station and makes the pipe bundle hydrogen conveying vehicle a first stage of the staged hydrogen storage container, adopts the pressurizing system consisting of multiple compressors which are connected in parallel, and introduces the data acquiring, processing and safety monitoring system. The high-pressure hydrogen supply system has the advantages of adjustable hydrogen storage volume, large operation flexibility, cost conservation, convenient maintenance, high service efficiency and so on.

The invention discloses a distributed test method, a system and a test server, wherein, the test server comprises the following units: a communication management unit is used for realizing the communication connection between a test client end and the test server and between a test executing end and the test server, a test management unit is used for managing the implementation of a test task and visiting the information of a test entity needed by a test entity management unit to get the test task, wherein, the test entity comprises the test client end, the test executing end and a tested device, a test entity management unit is used for managing or monitoring the test entity and a safety monitoring unit is used for authenticating and approving the test client end, monitoring the test executing end to implement the test task and monitoring the operation of the test entity towards a test data base. The invention can solve the problem in the related technology that test procedure automated management in the distributed test system is not concentrated.

The invention relates to a WSN mine safety monitoring system with a recombination function and a downhole accident monitoring method, belonging to a mining safety monitoring technology. The invention overcomes the problems of the previous wired monitoring system such as complicated wiring, failure to dynamically follow up an excavating surface, easy damage and the like. In the invention, a ground monitoring center of the monitoring system is an Ethernet system composed of a downhole monitoring access mainframe, a database server, a monitoring terminal and a remote terminal; a downhole wired sensor network is a CAN bus network composed of a plurality of wired sensors; the CAN bus network is connected with the downhole monitoring access mainframe; and a downhole wireless sensor network is composed of gateway nodes, a plurality of cluster-head nodes, a plurality of wireless sensor nodes and a plurality of movable nodes, wherein, the gateway nodes are connected with a CAN bus of the downhole wired sensor network. In addition, after a fault occurs, the gateway nodes and wired sensor nodes can form a higher-level wireless communication network so as to guarantee communication reliability. The invention is applicable to various mines.

The invention provides an intelligent fiber reinforced plastic (FRP) anchor rod, and belongs to the technical field of safety monitoring of geotechnical engineering. The intelligent FRP anchor rod is characterized in that the rod body is sequentially equipped with a fiber-fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensor and an FRP wrapping layer from inside to outside, wherein the fiber-FBG sensor refers to a single-mode fiber in which one or more FBGs are written, or two parallel sensing fibers (including one common single-mode fiber and one single-mode fiber in which one or more FBGs are written). In the invention, the fiber-FBG sensor respectively transmits the sensed temperature or strain optical signals to a Raman optical time-domain reflectometry (ROTDR) demodulator, a Brillouin optical time-domainanalysis / reflectometry (BOTDA / R) demodulator and an FBG demodulator through optical switch connection and conversion. The intelligent FRP anchor rod has the beneficial effects that the embedded fiber-FBG sensor integrates test advantages of an ROTDR temperature measurement technology, a BOTDA / R test technology and an FBG test technology, thus improving reliability for long-term test of ambient temperature and strain state of the anchor rod.

The invention provides an intelligent family monitoring system, comprising a sensor subsystem, a data centralized processing system and a terminal display control system, wherein the sensor subsystem acquires and transmits data to the data centralized processing system by a wireless communication module in the sensor subsystem; the data centralized processing system carries out processing on the data, and transmits the data to the terminal display control system by a wired and / or wireless mode; and the data centralized processing system receives an instruction of the terminal display control system, transmits the instruction to the sensor subsystem, and controls a sensor unit in the sensor subsystem. The intelligent family monitoring system has the advantages that the information acquisition is comprehensive and comprises electrical energy monitoring, safety monitoring and environment monitoring of doors, windows, drawers, cabinet doors and the like; data communication is convenient and comprises wired and wireless modes according to the prior art; and the data display and control terminal is diversified and comprises a computer, a mobile phone and other terminals with the communication function.